Anti-cd134 (ox40) antibodies and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides antibodies that specifically bind to human CD134. Invention anti-human CD134 antibodies specifically bind to the extracellular domain of human CD134, including non-OX40 ligand (OX40L) binding domains on human CD134, which is expressed on e.g. activated human conventional effector CD4 and/or CD8 T lymphocytes (Teffs) and on activated human suppressive regulatory CD4 lymphocytes (Tregs). Invention anti-human CD134 antibodies are useful (e.g. to empower Teffs anti-cancer effector function and/or to inhibit Tregs suppressive function) for cancer treatment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/345,222, filed 14 Mar. 2014, which is the national phase of PCTApplication No. PCT/GB2012/052268, filed 13 Sep. 2012, which claims thebenefit of United Kingdom Application No. 1116092.6, filed 16 Sep. 2011.The contents of the above patent applications are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Aug. 24, 2016, isnamed SequenceListingCRF_103270_000007.txt and is 54,933 bytes in size.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to antibodies, the use of such antibodies, andparticularly to antibodies that bind to CD134, for the treatment ofcancer.

BACKGROUND

Enhancing anti-tumour T-cell function represents a unique approach fortreating cancer. There is considerable evidence that tumour cells‘escape’ the immune system by induction of an active immune tolerancelargely mediated by regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs; Quezda et al.Immunol Rev 2011; 241:104-118). Therefore, the balance between effector(i.e., direct or indirect eradication of tumour cells) T lymphocytes(Teffs) and tolerogenic (i.e., suppression of Teffs effector functionand survival) Tregs appears to be crucial for effective anti-tumourimmunotherapy. In other words, an effective anti-tumour immune responsecan be obtained by enhancing effector function of tumour-specific Teffsand/or by attenuating suppressive function of tumour-specific Tregs. Akey receptor that has been shown to mediate these responses is the CD134(OX40) receptor. (Sugamura, K, Ishii, N, Weinberg, A. Therapeutictargeting of the effector T-cell co-stimulatory molecule OX40. NatureRev Imm 2004; 4: 420-431).

CD134 (also known as OX40, TNFRSF4, and ACT35) is a member of the tumournecrosis factor receptor superfamily. This CD134 surface co-stimulatoryreceptor is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, and plays an importantrole in their survival and function. The presence of CD134 expressing Tlymphocytes has been demonstrated in various human malignant tumours andin the draining lymph nodes of cancer patients (Ramstad et al. Am J Surg2000; 179: 400-406; Vetto et al. Am J Surg 1997; 174: 258-265).

In vivo ligation of the mouse CD134 receptor (by either soluble mouseOX40 ligand (OX40L)-immunoglobulin fusion proteins or mouse OX40Lmimetics, such as anti-mouse CD134-specific antibodies) intumour-bearing mice enhances anti-tumour immunity, leads to tumour-freesurvival in mouse models of various murine malignant tumour cell lines,e.g., lymphoma, melanoma, sarcoma, colon cancer, breast cancer, andglioma (Sugamura et al. Nature Rev Imm 2004; 4: 420-431).

It has been proposed to enhance the immune response of a mammal to anantigen by engaging the OX4OR through the use of an OX4OR binding agent(WO 99/42585; Weinberg, 2000). Although the document refers generally toOX40-binding agents, the emphasis is on the use of OX40L or partsthereof; the disclosure of anti-OX40 antibodies is in the context oftheir being equivalent to OX40L. Indeed, when the Weinberg teamtranslated the research to a study with non-human primates, they againdeliberately chose an antibody that binds to the OX40L-binding site andgenerally mimics OX40L.

Al-Shamkhani et al. (Eur J Chem 1996; 26: 1695-1699) used an anti-OX40antibody called OX86, which did not block OX40L-binding, in order toexplore differential expression of OX40 on activated mouse T-cells; andHirschhorn-Cymerman et al. (J Exp Med 2009; 206: 1103-1116) used OX86together with cyclophosphamide in a mouse model as a potentialchemoimmunotherapy. However, OX86 would not be expected to bind humanOX40 and, when choosing an antibody that would be effective in humans,one would, in the light of the Weinberg work, choose an antibody thatdid bind at the OX40L-binding site.

In vivo ligation of the human CD134 receptor (by anti-humanCD134-specific antibodies which interact with the OX40L binding domainon human CD134; US 2009/0214560 A1) in severe combined immunodeficient(SCID) mice enhances anti-tumour immunity, which leads to tumour growthinhibition of various human malignant tumour cell lines, e.g. lymphoma,prostate cancer, colon cancer, and breast cancer.

The exact mechanism of human CD134 ligation-mediated anti-tumour immuneresponses in humans is not yet elucidated, but is thought to be mediatedvia the CD134 transmembrane signalling pathway that is stimulated by theinteraction with OX40L. This interaction is mediated by the binding oftrimeric OX40L to CD134. In current anti-cancer therapies, the use oftrimerized OX40 ligand is proposed as a more effective agent thananti-OX40 antibodies (Morris et al. Mol Immunol 2007; 44: 3112-3121).

SUMMARY

It has now been surprisingly found by the applicants that, in order toinduce T-cell mediated anti-tumour activity, the use of isolated bindingmolecules that bind to human CD134, wherein the binding molecule doesnot prevent human CD134 (CD134) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L),results in an enhanced immune response, characterised by enhancing theimmunostimulator/effector function of T-effector cells and/orproliferating those cells and/or down-regulation of the immunosuppressorfunction of T-regulatory cells.

The present invention therefore provides isolated binding molecules thatbind to human CD134, wherein the binding molecule does not prevent humanCD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L).

Such binding molecules include suitable anti-CD134 antibodies,antigen-binding fragments of the anti-CD134 antibodies, and derivativesof the anti-CD134 antibodies. In some embodiments the binding moleculebinds to human CD134 with a Kd of 1×10-7 M or less. The binding moleculehas agonist activity on human CD134 on T-effector cells and/orantagonistic activity on human CD134 on T-regulator cells. In somefurther embodiments, the binding molecule is a human monoclonal antibodythat specifically binds human CD134 with a Kd of 100 nM or less,preferably less than 50 nM, more preferably less than 20 nM.

The present invention also provides a composition that comprises one ormore of the binding molecules and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.In some embodiments, the binding molecule is a human monoclonalanti-CD134 antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. Thecomposition may further comprise additional pharmaceutical agents, suchas immunotherapeutic agents, chemotherapeutic agents, and hormonaltherapeutic agents.

The present invention further provides diagnostic and therapeuticmethods of using the binding molecules. In some embodiments is provideda method of treating or preventing cancer in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of abinding molecule or a composition comprising a binding molecule asdisclosed herein. In some other embodiments, the disclosure provides amethod of enhancing an immune response in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of abinding molecule or a composition comprising a binding molecule. Inparticular embodiments, the binding molecule used in the methods is ahuman monoclonal anti-CD134 antibody or an antigen-binding fragmentthereof, which binds to human CD134, wherein the antibody does notprevent human CD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L).

The present invention further provides nucleic acid molecules thatencode an amino acid sequence of a binding molecule, vectors comprisingsuch nucleic acids, host cells comprising the vectors, and methods ofpreparing the binding molecules.

The disclosure also provides other aspects, which will be apparent fromthe entire disclosure, including the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1. Time course and dose effect of exposure to PHA-M on surfacehuman CD134 expression of human T lymphocytes.

FIG. 2. Human CD134 expression on resting and on PHA-M-activated humanCD4 T lymphocytes.

FIG. 3. Binding characteristics of mouse anti-human CD134 antibodiesclone ACT35, clone 12H3, and clone 20E5 on PHA-M-stimulated human CD134expressing T lymphocytes.

FIG. 4. Binding of mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone 12H3 andclone 20E5 on PHA-M-stimulated human CD134 expressing CD4 T lymphocytesand CD8 T lymphocytes.

FIG. 5. Cross-competition of non-labeled mouse anti-human CD134antibodies clone 12H3 or clone 20E5 with PE-conjugated commercial mouseanti-CD134 antibodies clone ACT35 or clone L106 on PHA-M-stimulatedhuman CD134 expressing T lymphocytes.

FIG. 6. Simultaneous binding of mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone12H3 or clone 20E5 with human OX40L on PHA-M-stimulated human CD134expressing T lymphocytes.

FIG. 7. Time course effect of exposure to anti-human CD3/anti-human CD28antibody stimulator beads on surface human CD134 expression of humaneffector T lymphocytes (Teffs) and of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs).

FIG. 8. Dose effect of exposure to mouse anti-human CD134 antibodiesclone 12H3 or clone 20E5, or to human OX40L on proliferation ofPHA-M-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes.

FIG. 9. Effect of combining mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone 12H3with human OX40L, or mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone 20E5 withhuman OX40L on proliferation of PHA-M-stimulated human CD134 expressingT lymphocytes.

FIG. 10. Effect of exposure to mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone12H3 or clone 20E5, or to human OX40L on proliferation of anti-humanCD3/anti-human CD28 antibody stimulator beads-stimulated human CD134expressing human effector T lymphocytes.

FIG. 11. Effect of exposure to mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone12H3 or clone 20E5, or to human OX40L on proliferation of anti-humanCD3/anti-human CD28 antibody stimulator beads-stimulated human CD134expressing human regulatory T lymphocytes.

FIGS. 12A and 12B. Effect of mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3on human OX40L mediated proliferation of anti-human CD3/anti-human CD28antibody stimulator beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing humaneffector (A) and regulatory (B) T lymphocytes.

FIG. 13. Effect of exposure to mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone12H3 or clone 20E5, or to human OX40L on human CD134 expressing humanregulatory T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of human CD134 expressinghuman effector T lymphocyte proliferation.

FIG. 14. Binding of chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone20E5 on (minus and plus IL-2) CD3/CD28 beads-stimulated human CD134expressing CD4 T lymphocytes and CD8 T lymphocytes.

FIG. 15. Effect of chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone20E5 or human OX40L on proliferation of PHA-M-stimulated human CD134expressing T lymphocytes.

FIG. 16. Dose effect of exposure to chimeric human IgG4κ anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 20E5 or to human OX40L on proliferation ofPHA-M-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes

FIG. 17. Effect of combining chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134antibody clone 20E5 with human OX40L on proliferation ofPHA-M-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes.

FIG. 18. Effect of chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone20E5 or human OX40L on proliferation of (minus and plus IL-2) CD3/CD28beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes.

FIGS. 19A, 19B, and 19C. Binding of mouse anti-human CD134 antibodiesclones 12H3 and 20E5 with non-reduced and reduced recombinant humanCD134:human Fcγ fusion protein. (A) Examined non-reducing (a, b) andreducing (c, d) conditions. (B) Electrophoretic migration patterns ofrecombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusion protein (rhuCD134) undernon-reducing (a, b) and reducing (c, d) conditions using Coomassiebrilliant blue staining. (C) Western blot of non-reducing (a, b) andreducing (c, d) recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusion protein exposedto mouse IgG1κ isotype control antibody (mIgG1) or to mouse anti-humanCD134 antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 (m12H3 and m20E5, respectively).

FIG. 20. Schematic representation of cysteine-rich domains (CRD) infull-length human CD134 (denoted as ‘CRD1’) and in various truncatedhuman CD134 forms (denoted as ‘CRD2’, ‘CRD3’, ‘CRD4’, and ‘truncated(tc) CRD4’).

FIG. 21. Binding of mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clones 12H3 and20E5 on 293-F cell line transiently transfected with full-length humanCD134 construct (denoted ‘CRD1’) or with various truncated human CD134constructs (denoted ‘CRD2’, ‘CRD3’, ‘CRD4’, and ‘truncated (tc) CRD4’).

FIG. 22. Binding of chimeric human IgG4κ and/or IgG1κ anti-human CD134antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 on 293-F cell line transientlytransfected with full-length human CD134 construct (denoted ‘CRD1’) orwith various truncated human CD134 constructs (denoted ‘CRD2’, ‘CRD3’,‘CRD4’, and ‘truncated (tc) CRD4’).

FIGS. 23A and 23B. Binding of mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3(A) and chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 (B)with human CD134-derived peptide, which corresponds to amino acidsequence of truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module (accordingto definition of Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677 683).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

T-cell activation is mediated not only by antigen stimulation throughT-cell receptors but also by co-stimulatory signals via co-stimulatorymolecules. Among several co-stimulatory molecules, the tumour necrosisfactor (TNF) receptor family member, OX40 (CD134) plays a key role inthe survival and homeostasis of effector and memory T-cells. Accordingto the conventional understanding of OX40 co-stimulation, an interactionbetween OX40 and OX40 ligand (OX40L) occurs when activated T-cells bindto professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The T-cell functions,including cytokine production, expansion, and survival, are thenenhanced by the OX40 co-stimulatory signals. The interaction betweenOX40 and OX40L occurs during the T-cell-Dendritic cell (DC) interaction,2-3 days after antigen recognition. The OX40-expressing T-cell may alsointeract with an OX40L-expressing cell other than DCs, and receive anOX40 signal from the cell, which may provide essential signals for thegeneration of memory T-cells, the enhancement of the Th2 response, andthe prolongation of inflammatory responses. Thus, the optimalinteraction between OX40 and OX40L might be formed in two steps: OX40Lexpressed on activated CD4 T-cells interacts with OX40 expressed onother responder CD4 T-cell, leading to the optimal generation of memoryCD4 T cells (Soroosh et al., 2006) or OX40L expressed on CD4+ accessorycells may promote Th2 cell survival through the interaction with OX40 onTh2 cells (Kim et al. 2003). In addition, OX40L expression on B cells isrequired for in vivo Th2 development, but not Th1 development (Linton etal. 2003) and OX40L-expressing mast cells directly enhance effectorT-cell function through the interaction between OX40 on T-cells andOX40L on mast cells (Kashiwakura et al. J Immunol 2004; 173: 5247-5257;Nakae et al. J Immunol 2006; 176: 2238-2248). In addition, asendothelial cells also express OX40L (Imura et al. 1996), OX40 bindingto endothelial cells might be involved in vascular inflammation. ExcessOX40 signals, to both responder T-cells and T-regulatory cells, suppressTreg-mediated immune suppression. OX40 signals passing into responderT-cells render them resistant to Treg-mediated suppression. On the otherhand, OX40 signals passing into Treg cells directly inhibitTreg-suppressive function, although it is controversial whether OX40signals might control the Foxp3 expression level in Treg cells. Inaddition, deliberate OX40 stimulation inhibits the TGF-beta-dependentdifferentiation of iTreg cells (inducible Treg cells). The inhibitionmay be mediated in part by effector cytokines, such as IL-4 andIFN-gamma produced by effector T-cells stimulated with OX40.Importantly, blocking OX40L markedly promotes iTreg differentiation andinduces graft tolerance, which might be mediated by Treg cells.Therefore, OX40 is a possible molecular target for controllingT-cell-mediated autoimmunity. Furthermore, recent studies reported thatthe interaction between OX40L expressed by mast cells and OX40 expressedby Treg cells may mutually suppress mast-cell function and Tregcell-suppressive function (Gri et al. 2008; Piconese et al. 2009).

Mice are the experimental tool of choice for immunologists, and thestudy of their immune responses has provided tremendous insight into theworkings of the human immune system. The general structure of the mouseand human system seem to be quite similar; however, significantdifferences also exist. For example, in mice, CD134 is expressed onTeffs upon activation, whereas Tregs constitutively express CD134(Piconese et al. J Exp Med 2008; 205: 825-839). In humans, CD134 isexpressed on both Teffs and Tregs but only upon activation (see below,e.g., Example 2 (g), ‘CD134 expression on human effector and regulatoryT lymphocytes after stimulation with anti-human CD3/anti-human CD28antibody stimulator beads’). Furthermore, mouse Tregs induce apoptosisof mouse Teffs to achieve suppression (Pandiyan et al. Nat Immunol 2007;8: 1353; Scheffold et al. Nat Immunol 2007; 8: 1285-1287), whereas humanTregs do not induce apoptosis in human Teffs to achieve suppression(Vercoulen et al. Plos ONE 2009; 4: e7183). Collectively, these dataindicate different roles of CD134 in the Tregs suppressive functionbetween human and mouse immune systems.

The term “binding molecule” encompasses (1) an antibody, (2) anantigen-binding fragment of an antibody, and (3) a derivative of anantibody, each as defined herein. The term “binds to CD134” or “bindingto CD134” refers to the binding of a binding molecule, as definedherein, to the CD134 receptor in an in vitro assay, such as a BIAcoreassay or by Octet (surface plasmon resonance). The binding moleculepreferably has a binding affinity (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻⁶ M or less, morepreferably less than 50×10⁻⁷ M, still more preferably less than 1×10⁻⁷M.

The term “isolated antibody” or “isolated binding molecule” refers to anantibody or a binding molecule that: (1) is not associated withnaturally associated components that accompany it in its native state;(2) is free of other proteins from the same species; (3) is expressed bya cell from a different species; or (4) does not occur in nature.Examples of isolated antibodies include an anti-CD134 antibody that hasbeen affinity purified using CD134, an anti-CD134 antibody that has beengenerated by hybridomas or other cell lines in vitro, and a humananti-CD134 antibody derived from a transgenic animal.

The term “agonist” refers to a binding molecule, as defined herein,which upon binding to CD134, (1) stimulates or activates CD134, (2)enhances, promotes, induces, increases or prolongs the activity,presence or function of CD134, or (3) enhances, promotes, increases orinduces the expression of CD134. The term “antagonist” refers to abinding molecule, as defined herein, which upon binding to CD134, (1)inhibits or suppresses CD134, (2) inhibits or suppresses an activity,presence or function of CD134, or (3) inhibits or suppresses theexpression of CD134.

The term “antibody” refers to an immunoglobulin molecule that istypically composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, eachpair having one “heavy” (H) chain and one “light” (L) chain. Human lightchains are classified as kappa (κ) and lambda (λ). Heavy chains areclassified as mu, delta, gamma, alpha, or epsilon, and define theantibody's isotype as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE, respectively. Eachheavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviatedherein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chainconstant regions of IgD, IgG, and IgA are comprised of three domains,CH1, CH2 and CH3, and the heavy chain constant regions of IgM and IgEare comprised of four domains, CH1, CH2, CH3, and CH4. Each light chainis comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein asLCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constantregion is comprised of one domain, CL. The constant regions of theantibodies may mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissuesor factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effectorcells). The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions ofhypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR),interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed frameworkregions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs,arranged from the amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the followingorder: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The variable regions ofeach heavy/light chain pair (VH and VL), respectively, form the antibodybinding site. The assignment of amino acids to each region or domain isin accordance with the definitions of Kabat Sequences of Proteins ofImmunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.(1987 and 1991)) or in accordance with the definitions of Chothia et al.Conformations of immunoglobulin hypervariable regions (Nature 1989;342(6252):877-83). The term “antibody” encompasses an antibody that is amultimeric form of antibodies, such as dimers, trimers, or higher-ordermultimers of monomeric antibodies. It also encompasses an antibody thatis linked or attached to a non-antibody moiety. Further, the term“antibody” is not limited by any particular method of producing theantibody. For example, it includes monoclonal antibodies, recombinantantibodies and polyclonal antibodies.

The term “antibody derivative” or “derivative” of an antibody refers toa molecule that is capable of binding to the same antigen (i.e., humanCD134) that the antibody binds to and comprises an amino acid sequenceof the antibody linked to an additional molecular entity. The amino acidsequence of the antibody that is contained in the antibody derivativemay be the full-length antibody, or may be any portion or portions of afull-length antibody. The additional molecular entity may be abiological or chemical molecule. Examples of additional molecularentities include chemical groups, peptides, proteins (such as enzymes,antibodies), amino acids, and chemical compounds. The additionalmolecular entity may be for use as a detection agent, marker label,therapeutic or pharmaceutical agent. The amino acid sequence of anantibody may be attached or linked to the additional entity bynon-covalent association, chemical coupling, genetic fusion, orotherwise. The term “antibody derivative” also encompasses chimericantibodies, humanized antibodies, and molecules that are derived frommodifications of the amino acid sequences of a CD134 antibody, such asconservation amino acid substitutions, insertions and additions.

The term “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody refers to one or moreportions of a full-length antibody that retain the ability to bind tothe same antigen (i.e., human CD134) that the antibody binds to. Theterm “antigen-binding fragment” also encompasses a portion of anantibody that is part of a larger molecule formed by non-covalent orcovalent association or of the antibody portion with one or moreadditional molecular entities. Examples of additional molecular entitiesinclude amino acids, peptides, or proteins, such as the streptavidincore region, which may be used to make a tetrameric scFv molecule(Kipriyanov et al. Hum Antibodies Hybridomas 1995; 6(3): 93-101).

The term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody that comprises aminoacid sequences derived from two or more different antibodies. The two ormore different antibodies may be from the same species or from two ormore different species.

The term “epitope” refers to the part of an antigen that is capable ofspecific binding to an antibody, or T-cell receptor or otherwiseinteracting with a molecule. “Epitope” is also referred to in the art asthe “antigenic determinant”. An epitope generally consists of chemicallyactive surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids orcarbohydrate or sugar side chains. An epitope may be “linear” or“non-linear/conformational”. Once a desired epitope is determined (e.g.,by epitope mapping), antibodies to that epitope can be generated. Thegeneration and characterization of antibodies may also provideinformation about desirable epitopes. From this information, it is thenpossible to screen antibodies for those which bind to the same epitopee.g. by conducting cross-competition studies to find antibodies thatcompetitively bind with one another, i.e., the antibodies compete forbinding to the antigen.

The term “host cell” refers to a cell into which an expression vectorhas been introduced. The term encompasses not only the particularsubject cell but also the progeny of such a cell. Because certainmodifications may occur in successive generations due to eitherenvironmental influences or mutation, such progeny may not be identicalto the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term“host cell.”

The term “human antibody” refers to an antibody consisting of amino acidsequences of human immunoglobulin sequences only. A human antibody maycontain murine carbohydrate chains if produced in a mouse, in a mousecell or in a hybridoma derived from a mouse cell. Human antibodies maybe prepared in a variety of ways known in the art.

The term “humanized antibody” refers to a chimeric antibody thatcontains amino acid residues derived from human antibody sequences. Ahumanized antibody may contain some or all of the CDRs from a non-humananimal antibody while the framework and constant regions of the antibodycontain amino acid residues derived from human antibody sequences.

The term “mammal” refers to any animal species of the Mammalian class.Examples of mammals include: humans; laboratory animals such as rats,mice, simians and guinea pigs; domestic animals such as rabbits, cattle,sheep, goats, cats, dogs, horses, and pigs and the like.

The term “isolated nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid molecule ofgenomic, cDNA, or synthetic origin, or a combination thereof, which isseparated from other nucleic acid molecules present in the naturalsource of the nucleic acid. Preferably, an “isolated” nucleic acid isfree of sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the nucleic acid ofinterest in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acidis derived.

The term “off-rate” or “K_(d)” refers to the equilibrium dissociationconstant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction and is used todescribe the binding affinity between a ligand (such as an antibody) anda protein (such as CD134). The smaller the equilibrium dissociationconstant, the more tightly bound the ligand is, or the higher theaffinity between ligand and protein. A K_(d) can be measured by surfaceplasmon resonance, for example using the BIACORE 1 or the Octet system.The term “anti-CD134 antibody” refers to an antibody, as defined herein,capable of binding to the human CD134.

The terms “OX40 receptor” and “CD134 receptor” are used interchangeablyin the present application, and include the human CD134, as well asvariants, isoforms, and species homologues thereof. Accordingly, humanbinding molecules disclosed herein may, in certain cases, also bind tothe CD134 from species other than human. In other cases, the bindingmolecules may be completely specific for the human CD134 and may notexhibit species or other types of cross-reactivity. In particular, theywill not bind to the mouse or rat CD134.

The term “specifically bind to the human CD134” means that the Kd of abinding molecule for binding to human CD134, is preferably more than 10fold, 50 fold or, most preferably, more than 100 fold the Kd for itsbinding to, e.g., the human CD40, as determined using an assay describedherein or known to one of skill in the art (e.g. a BIAcore assay). Thedetermination that a particular agent binds specifically to the OX40receptor may alternatively readily be made by using or adapting routineprocedures. One suitable in vitro assay makes use of the Westernblotting procedure (described in many standard texts, including“Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual” by Harlow and Lane). To determine thata given OX40 receptor binding agent binds specifically to the human OX40protein, total cellular protein is extracted from mammalian cells thatdo not express the OX40 antigen, such as a non-lymphocyte cell (e.g., aCOS cell or a CHO cell), transformed with a nucleic acid moleculeencoding OX40. As a negative control, total cellular protein is alsoextracted from corresponding non-transformed cells. These proteinpreparations are then electrophorezed on a non-denaturing or denaturingpolyacrylamide gel (PAGE). Thereafter, the proteins are transferred to amembrane (for example, nitrocellulose) by Western blotting, and theagent to be tested is incubated with the membrane. After washing themembrane to remove non-specifically bound agent, the presence of boundagent is detected by the use of an antibody raised against the testagent conjugated to a detection agent, such as the enzyme alkalinephosphatase; application of the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium results in the production of a denseblue compound by immuno-localized alkaline phosphatase. Agents whichbind specifically to human OX40 will, by this technique, be shown tobind to the human OX40 band (which will be localized at a given positionon the gel determined by its molecular mass) in the extract from OX40transformed cells, whereas little or no binding will be observed in theextract from non-transformed cells. Non-specific binding of the agent toother proteins may occur and may be detectable as a weak signal on theWestern blots. The nonspecific nature of this binding will be recognizedby one skilled in the art by the weak signal obtained on the Westernblot relative to the strong primary signal arising from the specificagent/human OX40 protein binding. Ideally, an OX40 receptor bindingagent would not bind to the proteins extracted from the non-transformedcells. In addition to binding assays using extracted proteins, putativeOX40 receptor binding agents may be tested to confirm their ability tobind substantially only OX40 receptor in vivo by conjugating the agentto a fluorescent tag (such as FITC) and analyzing its binding to antigenactivated CD4+ T-cell and non-activated T-cell populations byFluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). An agent which bindssubstantially only the OX40 receptor will stain only activated CD4+T-cells.

The term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable oftransporting another nucleic acid molecule in a host cell. Examples ofvectors include plasmids, viral vectors, cosmid or phage vectors, andnaked DNA or RNA expression vectors. Some vectors are capable ofautonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced.Some vectors can be integrated into the genome of a host cell uponintroduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along withthe host genome. Certain vectors are capable of directing the expressionof genes to which they are operatively linked, and therefore may bereferred to as “expression vectors.”

As used herein, the twenty conventional amino acids and theirabbreviations follow conventional usage.

The present invention provides isolated binding molecules that bind tothe human CD134, including anti-CD134 antibodies, antigen-bindingfragments of the anti-CD134 antibodies, and derivatives of theanti-CD134 antibodies. The binding molecules are characterized by atleast one of the following functional properties: (a) bind to the humanCD134 with a Kd of 1×10⁻⁶ M or less and (b) do not prevent human CD134(OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L); (c) have agonistactivity on the human CD134 on T-effector cells and/or antagonisticactivity on the human CD134 on T-regulatory cells; (d) do not bind toCD40 receptor at concentration up to 500 nM; (e) do not bind to CD137receptor at concentrations up to 500 nM; (f) do not bind to CD271receptor at concentrations up to 500 nM; (g) are capable of enhancingIL-2 production by isolated human T cells; (h) are capable of enhancingimmune response; (i) are capable of inhibiting tumour cell growth; and(j) have therapeutic effect on a cancer. In some embodiments the bindingmolecule binds to the human CD134 with a Kd of 1×10⁻⁷ M or less, or1×10⁻⁸ M or less, or 5×1×10⁻⁹ M or less.

Antibodies and other binding molecules of the invention may be preparedby conventional techniques and then screened in order to identify andobtain binding molecules that do not prevent binding of OX40L to CD134.For example, binding molecules that bind CD134 even when the CD134 hasbeen exposed to a saturating concentration of OX40L may be selected.

In an embodiment of the present invention is provided a human antibodythat binds to the human CD134. In some embodiments, the human antibodyis a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the human CD134 witha Kd of 100 nM or less, preferably 10 nM or less, and/or has agonistactivity on the human CD134 of T-effector cells and/or antagonistactivity of human CD134 T-regulatory cells. One example of such humanantibodies is the human monoclonal antibody clone 12H3. The amino acidsequence of the whole heavy chain variable region and the amino acidsequences of the three CDRs of the variable region of the heavy chain(VH) of antibody clone 12H3 are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 12 and 14-16,respectively. The amino acid sequence of the whole light chain variableregion and the amino acid sequences of the three CDRs of the variableregion of the light chain (VL) of antibody clone 12H3 are shown in SEQID NOs: 13 and 17-19, respectively. Another illustrative antibody of thedisclosure is the human monoclonal antibody clone 20E5. The amino acidsequence of the whole heavy chain variable region and the amino acidsequences of the three CDRs of the variable region of the heavy chain(VH) of antibody clone 20E5 are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 6-8,respectively. The amino acid sequence of the whole light chain variableregion and the amino acid sequences of the three CDRs of the variableregion of the light chain (VL) of antibody clone 20E5 are shown in SEQID NOs: 5 and 9-11, respectively.

The antibodies of the invention can comprise one or more of these CDRs,or one or more of these CDRS with 1, 2 or 3 amino acid substitutions perCDR. The substitutions are preferably ‘conservative’ ones. Conservativesubstitutions providing functionally similar amino acids are well knownin the art, and are described for example in Table 1 of WO 2010/019702,which is incorporated herein by reference.

Given that clone 12H3 and clone 20E5 bind to the human CD134, the VH andVL sequences of each of them can be “mixed and matched” with otheranti-CD134 antibodies to create additional antibodies. The binding ofsuch “mixed and matched” antibodies to the human CD134 can be testedusing the binding assays known in the art, including an assay describedin the Examples. In one case, when VH and VL regions are mixed andmatched, a VH sequence from a particular VH/VL pairing is replaced witha structurally similar VH sequence. Likewise, in another case a VLsequence from a particular VH/VL pairing is replaced with a structurallysimilar VL sequence.

Molecules containing only one or two CDR regions (in some cases, evenjust a single CDR or a part thereof, especially CDR3) are capable ofretaining the antigen-binding activity of the antibody from which theCDR(s) are derived. See, for example, Laune et al. JBC 1997; 272:30937-44; Monnet et al. JBC 1999; 274:3789-96; Qiu et al. NatureBiotechnology 2007; 25: 921-9; Ladner et al. Nature Biotechnology 2007;25: 875-7; Heap et al. J Gen Virol 2005; 86: 1791-1800; Nicaise et al.Protein Science 2004; 13: 1882-91; Vaughan and Sollazzo CombinatorialChemistry & High Throughput Screening 2001; 4:417-430; Quiocho Nature1993; 362: 293-4; Pessi et al. Nature 1993; 362: 367-9; Bianchi et al. JMol Biol 1994; 236: 649-59; and Gao et al. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:32389-93.

Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is an isolatedanti-human CD134 antibody that comprises: (a) a heavy chain variableregion comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (b) a lightchain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13.

In a further embodiment according to the invention is provided anisolated CD134 binding molecule that comprises: (a) a heavy chain CDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; and/or (b) a heavychain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; and/or(c) heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16.

In a further embodiment according to the invention is provided anisolated CD134 binding molecule that comprises (a) a light chain CDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; and/or (b) a lightchain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; and/or(c) alight chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19.

Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is an isolatedanti-human CD134 antibody that comprises: (a) a heavy chain variableregion comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; (b) a lightchain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5.

In a further embodiment according to the invention is provided anisolated CD134 binding molecule that comprises: (a) a heavy chain CDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; and/or (b) a heavychain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7; and/or(c) heavy chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.

In a further embodiment according to the invention is provided anisolated CD134 binding molecule that comprises (a) a light chain CDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9; and/or (b) a lightchain CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10; and/or(c) a light chain CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11.

Given that clone 12H3 and clone 20E5 bind to the human CD134 and thatantigen-binding specificity is provided primarily by the CDR1, CDR2, andCDR3 regions, the VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences and VL CDR1, CDR2,and CDR3 sequences can be “mixed and matched” to create additionalanti-CD134 antibodies. For example, CDRs from different anti-CD134antibodies can be mixed and matched, although each antibody willtypically contain a VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and a VL CDR1, CDR2, andCDR3. The binding of such “mixed and matched” antibodies to the CD134can be tested using the binding assays described above and in theExamples (e.g., ELISAs, Biacore analysis). In one case, when VH CDRsequences are mixed and matched, the CDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 sequencefrom a particular VH sequence is replaced with structurally similar CDRsequence(s). Likewise, when VL CDR sequences are mixed and matched, theCDR1, CDR2 and/or CDR3 sequence from a particular VL sequence typicallyis replaced with a structurally similar CDR sequence(s). It will bereadily apparent to an ordinarily skilled artisan that novel VH and VLsequences can be created by replacing one or more VH and/or VL CDRregion sequences with structurally similar sequences from the CDRsequences disclosed herein.

The class (e.g., IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, or IgD) and subclass (e.g., IgG1,IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) of the anti-CD134 antibodies may be determined byany suitable method such as by ELISA or Western Blot as well as othertechniques. Alternatively, the class and subclass may be determined bysequencing all or a portion of the constant domains of the heavy and/orlight chains of the antibodies, comparing their amino acid sequences tothe known amino acid sequences of various class and subclasses ofimmunoglobulins, and determining the class and subclass of theantibodies. The anti-CD134 antibodies can be an IgG, an IgM, an IgE, anIgA, or an IgD molecule. For example, the anti-CD134 antibodies can bean IgG that is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or an IgG4 subclass. Thus, anotheraspect of the invention provides a method for converting the class orsubclass of an anti-CD134 antibody to another class or subclass.

The binding molecules according to an embodiment of the inventioninclude monoclonal antibodies, fragments thereof, peptides and otherchemical entities. Monoclonal antibodies can be made by the conventionalmethod of immunization of a mammal, followed by isolation of plasma Bcells producing the monoclonal antibodies of interest and fusion with amyeloma cell.

In various embodiments, instead of being an actual antibody, the bindingmoiety may be an antibody mimic (for example, based upon a non-antibodyscaffold), an RNA aptamer, a small molecule or a CovX-body.

It will be appreciated that antibody mimics (for example, non-antibodyscaffold structures that have a high degree of stability yet allowvariability to be introduced at certain positions) may be used to createmolecular libraries from which binding moieties can be derived. Thoseskilled in the arts of biochemistry will be familiar with many suchmolecules. Such molecules may be used as a binding moiety in the agentof the present invention.

Exemplary antibody mimics are discussed in Skerra et al. (2007, Curr.Opin. Biotech., 18: 295-304) and include: affibodies (also calledTrinectins; Nygren, 2008, FEBS J, 275, 2668-2676); CTLDs (also calledTetranectins; Innovations Pharmac. Technol. (2006), 27-30; adnectins(also called monobodies; Meth. Mol. Biol., 352 (2007), 95-109);anticalins (Drug Discovery Today (2005), 10, 23-33); DARPins (ankyrins;Nat. Biotechnol. (2004), 22, 575-582); avimers (Nat. Biotechnol. (2005),23, 1556-1561); microbodies (FEBS J, (2007), 274, 86-95); peptideaptamers (Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. (2005), 5, 783-797); Kunitz domains(J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2006) 318, 803-809); affilins (Trends.Biotechnol. (2005), 23, 514-522).

Accordingly, it is preferred that the antibody mimic is selected fromthe group comprising or consisting of affibodies, tetranectins (CTLDs),adnectins (monobodies), anticalins, DARPins (ankyrins), avimers, iMabs,microbodies, peptide aptamers, Kunitz domains, aptamers and affilins.

By “small molecule” we mean a low molecular weight organic compound of900 Daltons or less. Although large biopolymers such as nucleic acids,proteins, and polysaccharides (such as starch or cellulose) are notincluded as “small molecules”, their constituent monomers (ribo- ordeoxyribonucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides, respectively)and oligomers (i.e. short polymers such as dinucleotides, peptides suchas the antioxidant glutathione, and disaccharides such as sucrose) areincluded. The production of small molecules is described in Mayes &Whitcombe, 2005, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 57:1742-78 and Root-Bernstein &Dillon, 2008, Curr. Pharm. Des. 14:55-62.

CovX-Bodies are created by covalently joining a pharmacophore via alinker to the binding site of a specially-designed antibody, effectivelyreprogramming the antibody (Tryder et al., 2007, Bioorg. Med. Chem.Lett., 17:501-6). The result is anew class of chemical entities that isformed where each component contributes desirable traits to the intactCovX-Body in particular, the entity has the biologic actions of thepeptide and the extended half-life of the antibody.

Human antibodies can be made by several different methods, including byuse of human immunoglobulin expression libraries (Stratagene Corp., LaJolla, Calif.; Cambridge Antibody Technology Ltd., London, England) toproduce fragments of human antibodies (VH, VL, Fv, Fd, Fab, or (Fab′)2),and use of these fragments to construct whole human antibodies by fusionof the appropriate portion thereto, using techniques similar to thosefor producing chimeric antibodies. Human antibodies can also be producedin transgenic mice with a human immunoglobulin genome. Such mice areavailable from e.g. Abgenix, Inc., Fremont, Calif., and Medarex, Inc.,Annandale, N.J. In addition to connecting the heavy and light chain Fvregions to form a single chain peptide, Fab can be constructed andexpressed by similar means (M. J. Evans et al. J Immunol Meth 1995; 184:123-138).

DeImmunized™ antibodies are antibodies in which potentially immunogenicT cell epitopes have been eliminated, as described in InternationalPatent Application PCT/GB98/01473. Therefore, immunogenicity in humansis expected to be eliminated or substantially reduced when they areapplied in vivo. The immunoglobulin-based binding molecules of theinvention may have their immunogenic T cell epitopes (if present)eliminated by means of such methods.

All of the wholly and partially human antibodies described above areless immunogenic than wholly murine or non-human-derived antibodies, asare the fragments and single chain antibodies. All these molecules (orderivatives thereof) are therefore less likely to evoke an immune orallergic response. Consequently, they are better suited for in vivoadministration in humans than wholly non-human antibodies, especiallywhen repeated or long-term administration is necessary.

Bispecific antibodies can be used as cross-linking agents between humanCD134 of the same human target cell, or human CD134 on two differenthuman target cells. Such bispecific antibodies have one specificity foreach of two different epitopes on human CD134. These antibodies and themethod of making them are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,254 (CreativeBiomolecules, Inc.). Different embodiments of bispecific antibodiesdescribed in the patent include linking single chain Fv with peptidecouplers, including Ser-Cys, (Gly)4-Cys (SEQ ID NO: 62),(His)6-(Gly)4-Cys (SEQ ID NO: 63), chelating agents, and chemical ordisulfide couplings including bismaleimidohexane andbismaleimidocaproyl.

Non-antibody molecules can be isolated or screened from compoundlibraries by conventional means. An automated system for generating andscreening a compound library is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,901,069and 5,463,564. A more focused approach involves three-dimensionalmodelling of the binding site, and then making a family of moleculeswhich fit the model. These are then screened for those with optimalbinding characteristics.

Another approach is to generate recombinant peptide libraries, and thenscreen them for those which bind to the epitope of human CD134 ofinterest. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,322. This epitope is thesame as that bound by the monoclonal antibodies described in theexamples below. Molecules can, in fact, be generated or isolated withrelative ease in accordance with techniques well known in the art oncethe epitope is known.

A further embodiment provides derivatives of any of the anti-CD134antibodies as described above. In one particular aspect, the antibodyderivative is derived from modifications of the amino acid sequences ofclone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5. Amino acid sequences of any regions of theantibody chains may be modified, such as framework regions, CDR regions,or constant regions. The modifications can be introduced by standardtechniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis andrandom PCR-mediated mutagenesis, and may comprise natural as well asnon-natural amino acids. Types of modifications include insertions,deletions, substitutions, or combinations thereof, of one or more aminoacids of an anti-CD134 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibodyderivative comprises 1, 2, 3, or 4 amino acid substitutions in the heavychain CDRs and/or one amino acid substitution in the light chain CDRs.In some embodiments, a derivative of an anti-CD134 antibody comprisesone or more amino acid substitutions relative to the germ line aminoacid sequence of the human gene. In a particular embodiment, one or moreof those substitutions from germ line is in the CDR2 region of the heavychain. In another particular embodiment, the amino acid substitutionsrelative to the germline are at one or more of the same positions as thesubstitutions relative to germ line in antibodies clone 12H3 and clone20E5. In another embodiment, the amino acid substitution is to changeone or more cysteines in an antibody to another residue, such as,without limitation, alanine or serine. The cysteine may be a canonicalor non-canonical cysteine. The substitution can be made in a CDR orframework region of a variable domain or in the constant domain of anantibody. Another type of amino acid substitution is to eliminateasparagine-glycine pairs, which form potential deamidation sites, byaltering one or both of the residues. In still other embodiments, theamino acid substitution is a conservative amino acid substitution. Inone embodiment, the antibody derivative has 1, 2, 3, or 4 conservativeamino acid substitutions in the heavy chain CDR regions relative to theamino acid sequences of clone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5. Another type ofmodification of an anti-CD134 antibody is the alteration of the originalglycosylation pattern of the antibody. The term “alteration” refers todeletion of one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the antibody,and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present inthe antibody.

Glycosylation of antibodies is typically N-linked. N-linked refers tothe attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of anasparagine residue. Examples of other modifications include acylation,amidation, acetylation, cross-linking, cyclization, formylation,hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, disulfide bondformation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formationof cysteine, oxidation, phosphorylation, prenylation, pegylation,proteolytic processing and sulfation.

A further embodiment provides an antibody derivative that comprises ananti-CD134 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, as describedherein, linked to an additional molecular entity. Examples of additionalmolecular entities include pharmaceutical agents, peptides or proteins,and detection agents or labels. Specific examples of pharmaceuticalagents that may be linked to an anti-CD134 antibody include cytotoxicagents or other cancer therapeutic agents, and radioactive isotopes.Specific examples of peptides or proteins that may be linked to ananti-CD134 antibody include antibodies, which may be the same anti-CD134antibody or a different antibody. Specific examples of detection agentsor labels that may be linked to an anti-CD134 antibody include (1)fluorescent compounds, such as fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate,phycoerythrin, rhodamine, 5-dimethylamine-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chlorideand lanthanide phosphors; (2) enzymes, such as horseradish peroxidase,alkaline phosphatase, luciferase, and glucose oxidase; (3) biotin; (4) apredetermined polypeptide epitope recognized by a secondary reporter,such as leucine zipper pair sequences, metal binding domains, epitopetags and binding sites for secondary antibodies. A further embodimentprovides an antibody derivative which is a multimeric form of ananti-CD134 antibody, such as antibody dimers, trimers, or higher-ordermultimers of monomeric antibodies. Individual monomers within anantibody multimer may be identical or different, i.e., they may beheteromeric or homomeric antibody multimers. Multimerization ofantibodies may be accomplished through natural aggregation. For example,some percentage of purified antibody preparations (e.g., purified IgG1molecules) spontaneously form protein aggregates containing antibodyhomodimers, and other higher-order antibody multimers. Alternatively,antibody homodimers may be formed through chemical linkage techniquesknown in the art. Suitable crosslinkers include those that areheterobifunctional, such as m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimideester, N-succinimidyl S-acethylthio-acetate and succinimidyl4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) or homobifunctional (suchas disuccinimidyl suberate). Such linkers are commercially available.Antibodies can also be made to multimerize through recombinant DNAtechniques known in the art.

A yet further embodiment provides an antibody derivative which is achimeric antibody, comprising an amino acid sequence of a anti-humanCD134 antibody described herein above. In another example, all of theCDRs of the chimeric antibody are derived from anti-human CD134antibodies. In another example, the CDRs from more than one anti-humanCD134 antibody are combined in a chimeric antibody. Further, a chimericantibody may comprise the framework regions derived from one anti-humanCD134 antibody and one or more CDRs from one or more different humanantibodies. Chimeric antibodies can be generated using conventionalmethods known in the art. In some particular embodiments, the chimericantibody comprises one, two, or three CDRs from the heavy chain variableregion or from the light chain variable region of an antibody selectedfrom antibody clone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5.

Examples of other antibody derivatives provided by the present inventioninclude single chain antibodies, diabodies, domain antibodies,nanobodies, and unibodies. In preferred embodiments, the monoclonalantibodies may be chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, humanantibodies, DeImmunized™ antibodies, single-chain antibodies, fragments,including Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv or other fragments which retain the antigenbinding function of the parent antibody. Single chain antibodies(“ScFv”) and the method of their construction are described in U.S. Pat.No. 4,946,778.

A “single-chain antibody” (scFv) consists of a single polypeptide chaincomprising a VL domain linked to a VH domain wherein VL domain and VHdomain are paired to form a monovalent molecule. Single chain antibodycan be prepared according to method known in the art (see, for example,Bird et al., (1988) Science 242:423-426 and Huston et al., (1988) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). A “diabody” consists of two chains,each chain comprising a heavy chain variable region connected to a lightchain variable region on the same polypeptide chain connected by a shortpeptide linker, wherein the two regions on the same chain do not pairwith each other but with complementary domains on the other chain toform a bispecific molecule. Methods of preparing diabodies are known inthe art (See, e.g., Holliger P. et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 90:6444-6448, and Poljak R. J. et al., (1994) Structure2:1121-1123). Domain antibodies (dAbs) are small functional bindingunits of antibodies, corresponding to the variable regions of either theheavy or light chains of antibodies. Domain antibodies are wellexpressed in bacterial, yeast, and mammalian cell systems. Furtherdetails of domain antibodies and methods of production thereof are knownin the art (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,291,158; 6,582,915;6,593,081; WO04/003019 and WO03/002609). Nanobodies are derived from theheavy chains of an antibody. A nanobody typically comprises a singlevariable domain and two constant domains (CH2 and CH3) and retainsantigen-binding capacity of the original antibody. Nanobodies can beprepared by methods known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,765,087,U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,254, WO 06/079372). Unibodies consist of one lightchain and one heavy chain of an IgG4 antibody. Unibodies may be made bythe removal of the hinge region of IgG4 antibodies. Further details ofunibodies and methods of preparing them may be found in WO2007/059782.

In addition to the binding moiety, the molecules of the invention mayfurther comprise a moiety for increasing the in vivo half-life of themolecule, such as but not limited to polyethylene glycol (PEG), humanserum albumin, glycosylation groups, fatty acids and dextran. Suchfurther moieties may be conjugated or otherwise combined with thebinding moiety using methods well known in the art.

A further aspect of the invention provides a nucleic acid moleculeencoding an amino acid sequence of a CD134-binding binding moleculeaccording to the first aspect of the invention. The amino acid sequenceencoded by the nucleic acid molecule may be any portion of an intactantibody, such as a CDR, a sequence comprising one, two, or three CDRs,or a variable region of a heavy chain or light chain, or may be afull-length heavy chain or light chain. In some embodiments, the nucleicacid molecule encodes an amino acid sequence that comprises (1) a CDR3region, particularly a heavy chain CDR3 region, of antibodies clone 12H3and/or clone 20E5; (2) a variable region of a heavy chain or variableregion of a light chain of antibodies clone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5; or(3) a heavy chain or a light chain of antibodies clone 12H3 and/or clone20E5. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes apolypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, orfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.

The nucleic acid molecules provided by the disclosure may be obtainedfrom any source that produces a CD134 antibody in accordance with theinvention. mRNA from anti-CD134 antibody-producing cells may be isolatedby standard techniques, cloned and/or amplified using PCR and libraryconstruction techniques, and screened using standard protocols to obtainnucleic acid molecules encoding an amino acid sequence of an anti-CD134antibody. The mRNA may be used to produce cDNA for use in the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) or cDNA cloning of antibody genes. In oneembodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is obtained from a hybridoma thatexpresses an anti-CD134 antibody, as described above, preferably ahybridoma that has as one of its fusion partners a non-human transgenicanimal cell that expresses human immunoglobulin genes. In anotherembodiment, the hybridoma is derived from a non-human, non-transgenicanimal.

A nucleic acid molecule encoding the heavy chain of an anti-CD134antibody may be constructed by fusing a nucleic acid molecule encodingthe heavy variable region with a nucleic acid molecule encoding aconstant region of a heavy chain. Similarly, a nucleic acid moleculeencoding the light chain of an anti-CD134 antibody may be constructed byfusing a nucleic acid molecule encoding the light chain variable regionwith a nucleic acid molecule encoding a constant region of a lightchain. The nucleic acid molecules encoding the VH and VL chain may beconverted to full-length antibody genes by inserting them intoexpression vectors already encoding heavy chain constant and light chainconstant regions, respectively, such that the VH segment is operativelylinked to the heavy chain constant region (CH) segment(s) within thevector and the VL segment is operatively linked to the light chainconstant region (CL) segment within the vector. Alternatively, thenucleic acid molecules encoding the VH or VL chains are converted intofull-length antibody genes by linking, e.g., ligating, the nucleic acidmolecule encoding a VH chain to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a CHchain using standard molecular biological techniques. The same may beachieved using nucleic acid molecules encoding VL and CL chains. Nucleicacid molecules encoding the full-length heavy and/or light chains maythen be expressed from a cell into which they have been introduced andthe anti-CD134 antibody isolated.

The nucleic acid molecules may be used to recombinantly express largequantities of anti-CD134 antibodies, as described below. The nucleicacid molecules may also be used to produce other binding moleculesprovided by the disclosure, such as chimeric antibodies, single chainantibodies, immunoadhesins, diabodies, mutated antibodies, and antibodyderivatives, as described elsewhere herein. In one embodiment, a nucleicacid molecule is used as probe or PCR primer for specific antibodysequences. For instance, a nucleic acid molecule probe may be used indiagnostic methods or a nucleic acid molecule PCR primer may be used toamplify regions of DNA that could be used, inter alia, to isolatenucleic acid sequences for use in producing variable regions of theanti-CD134 antibodies.

Once DNA molecules encoding the VH and VL segments of an anti-CD134antibody are obtained, these DNA molecules can be further manipulated byrecombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable regiongenes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes, or toa scFv gene.

A further aspect of the invention provides a vector, which comprises anucleic acid molecule described herein above. The nucleic acid moleculemay encode a portion of a light chain or heavy chain (such as a CDR or avariable region), a full-length light or heavy chain, polypeptide thatcomprises a portion or full-length of a heavy or light chain, or anamino acid sequence of an antibody derivative or antigen-bindingfragment.

An example of a suitable expression vector is one that encodes afunctionally complete human CH or CL immunoglobulin sequence, withappropriate restriction sites engineered so that any VH or VL sequencecan be inserted and expressed. The expression vector also can encode asignal peptide that facilitates secretion of the amino acid sequence ofthe antibody chain from a host cell. The DNA encoding the amino acidsequence of an antibody chain may be cloned into the vector such thatthe signal peptide is linked in-frame to the amino terminus of the aminoacid sequence of the antibody chain. The signal peptide can be animmunoglobulin signal peptide or a heterologous signal peptide (i.e., asignal peptide from a non-immunoglobulin protein). In addition to thenucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence of an anti-CD134antibody (antibody chain genes), the expression vectors carry regulatorysequences that control the expression of the antibody chain genes in ahost cell. The design of the expression vector, including the selectionof regulatory sequences, may depend on such factors as the choice of thehost cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired,and so forth. Regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expressioninclude viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression inmammalian cells, such as promoters and/or enhancers derived fromretroviral LTRs, cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMVpromoter/enhancer), Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (such as the SV40promoter/enhancer), adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major latepromoter (AdMLP)), polyoma and strong mammalian promoters such as nativeimmunoglobulin and actin promoters.

The host cell may be a mammalian, insect, plant, bacterial, or yeastcell. Examples of mammalian cell lines suitable as host cells includeChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NSO cells, PER-C6 cells, SP2 cells,HEK-293T cells, NIH-3T3 cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK)cells, African green monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellularcarcinoma cells (e.g., Hep G2), human lung cells, A549 cells, and anumber of other cell lines. Examples of insect cell lines include Sf9 orSf21 cells. Examples of plant host cells include Nicotiana, Arabidopsis,duckweed, corn, wheat, potato, and so forth. Bacterial host cellsinclude E. coli and Streptomyces species. Examples of yeast host cellsinclude Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris.

Amino acid sequences of a binding molecule expressed by different celllines or in transgenic animals may have different glycosylation.However, all binding molecules encoded by the nucleic acid moleculesprovided herein, or comprising the amino acid sequences provided hereinare part of the present invention, regardless of the glycosylation ofthe binding molecules.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method for producing aCD134-binding molecule as defined above using phage display. The methodcomprises (a) synthesizing a library of human antibodies on phage, (b)screening the library with the CD134 or a portion thereof, (c) isolatingphage that binds the CD134 or a portion thereof, and (d) obtaining theantibody from the phage. One exemplary method for preparing the libraryof antibodies comprises the step of: (a) immunizing a non-human animalcomprising human immunoglobulin loci with CD134 or an antigenic portionthereof to create an immune response; (b) extracting antibody-producingcells from the immunized animal; (c) isolating RNA encoding heavy andlight chains of the anti-CD134 antibodies from the extracted cells; (d)reverse transcribing the RNA to produce cDNA; (e), amplifying the cDNA;and (f) inserting the cDNA into a phage display vector such thatantibodies are expressed on the phage. Recombinant anti-human CD134antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof can be isolated byscreening a recombinant combinatorial antibody library. The library maybe a scFv phage display library, generated using human VL and VH cDNAsprepared from mRNA isolated from B cells. Methods for preparing andscreening such libraries are known in the art. Kits for generating phagedisplay libraries are commercially available.

In a preferred embodiment according to the invention is provided acomposition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, containing one or acombination of binding molecules as described herein, and optionally apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions can be prepared byconventional methods known in the art. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises an anti-CD134 antibody or an antigen-bindingfragment thereof. In a particular embodiment, the composition comprisesantibody clone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5, or an antigen-binding fragment ofeither antibody. In still other embodiments, the composition comprises aderivative of antibody clone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5. The term“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any inactive substancethat is suitable for use in a formulation for the delivery of a bindingmolecule. A carrier may be an antiadherent, binder, coating,disintegrant, filler or diluent, preservative (such as antioxidant,antibacterial, or antifungal agent), sweetener, absorption delayingagent, wetting agent, emulsifying agent, buffer, and the like.

Non-peptide molecules of the invention could be administered orally,including by suspension, tablets and the like. Liquid formulations couldbe administered by inhalation of lyophilized or aeorosolizedmicrocapsules. Suppositories could also be used. Additionalpharmaceutical vehicles could be used to control the duration of actionof the molecules of the invention. The dosage and scheduling for theformulation, which is selected can be determined by standard procedures,well known in the art. Such procedures involve extrapolating anestimated dosing schedule from animal models, and then determining theoptimal dosage in a human clinical dose ranging study.

The compositions may be in any suitable forms, such as liquid,semi-solid, and solid dosage forms. The various dosage forms of thecompositions can be prepared by conventional techniques known in theart.

The relative amount of a binding molecule included in the compositionwill vary depending upon a number of factors, such as the desiredrelease and pharmacodynamic characteristics, the specific bindingmolecule and carriers used and dosage form. The amount of a bindingmolecule in a single dosage form will generally be that amount whichproduces a therapeutic effect, but may also be a lesser amount.Generally, this amount will range from about 0.001 percent to about 99percent, from about 0.1 percent to about 70 percent, or from about 1percent to about 30 percent relative to the total weight of the dosageform.

In addition to the binding molecule, one or more additional therapeuticagents may be included in the composition or separately as part of thesame treatment regime. Examples of the additional therapeutic agents aredescribed herein below. The suitable amount of the additionaltherapeutic agent to be included in the composition can be readilyselected by a person skilled in the art, and will vary depending on anumber of factors, such as the particular agent and carriers used,dosage form, and desired release and pharmacodynamic characteristics.The amount of the additional therapeutic agent included in a singledosage form will generally be that amount of the agent which produces atherapeutic effect, but may be a lesser amount as well.

Binding molecules and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a bindingmolecule provided by the present disclosure are useful for therapeutic,diagnostic, or other purposes, such as enhancing an immune response,treating cancer, enhancing efficacy of other cancer therapy, orenhancing vaccine efficacy, and have a number of utilities, such as foruse as medicaments or diagnostic agents. Thus, in preferred aspect, ofthe invention is provided methods of using the binding molecules orpharmaceutical compositions.

A further aspect of the invention provides a method for modulation ofhuman CD134-mediated anti-tumour immune responses, including enhancementof human CD134 expressing human Teffs effector function and/orattenuation of human CD134 expressing human Tregs suppressive function,using binding molecules that bind to human CD134, including anti-humanCD134 antibodies, which (1) circumvent the interaction of naturallyoccurring human OX40L with the human CD134 receptor and/or (2) do notblock human CD134-mediated cell signalling after occupancy with itsnatural occurring human OX40L.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of modulation of humanCD134-mediated anti-tumour immune responses, whereby said method doesnot include binding molecules that bind to human CD134, includinganti-human CD134 antibodies, such as human OX40L mimetics, whichinteract with human OX40L binding domain on the human CD134 receptorand/or block human OX40L-human CD134 cell signalling.

The present invention discloses binding molecules that bind to humanCD134, including anti-human CD134 antibodies, for anti-tumourtherapeutic purposes. The anti-human CD134 antibodies bind to theextracellular domain of human CD134. More specifically, the anti humanCD134 antibodies bind to non-OX40L-binding regions (i.e. the anti-humanCD134 antibodies do not completely block the binding of human OX40L tohuman CD134) on the extracellular domain of human CD134 on activatedhuman Teffs and human Tregs.

In one particular aspect, methods are provided for enhancing immuneresponse in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal atherapeutically effective amount of a binding molecule as describedherein. In some embodiments, the binding molecule is an anti CD134antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and the mammal is a human.In a further embodiment, the binding molecule is antibody clone 12H3and/or clone 20E5, or an antigen-binding fragment of either antibody.The term “enhancing immune response”, means stimulating, evoking,increasing, improving, or augmenting any response of a mammal's immunesystem. The immune response may be a cellular response (i.e.cell-mediated, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated) or a humoralresponse (i.e. antibody mediated response), and may be a primary orsecondary immune response. Examples of enhancement of immune responseinclude increased CD4+ helper T cell activity and generation ofcytolytic T cells. The enhancement of immune response can be assessedusing a number of in vitro or in vivo measurements known to thoseskilled in the art, including, but not limited to, cytotoxic Tlymphocyte assays, release of cytokines (for example IL-2 production),regression of tumours, survival of tumour bearing animals, antibodyproduction, immune cell proliferation, expression of cell surfacemarkers, and cytotoxicity. In one embodiment, the method enhances acellular immune response, particularly a cytotoxic T cell response.

One aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that binds tohuman CD134, wherein at or above the saturation concentration of saidbinding molecule, the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 is reduced bynot more than 70%, on human CD134 expressing T-cells, as measured by afluorescence-based flow cytometric assay, as described in Example 2(f).More preferably, the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 is reduced bynot more than about 60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, orabout 20%, or about 10% or less, or preferably no reduction in bindingat all.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule wherein at aconcentration of 70 nM of the binding molecule, the effect on binding ofOX40L to CD134 is reduced by not more than 70% on human CD134 expressingT-cells, as measured by a fluorescence-based flow cytometric assay, asdescribed in Example 2(f). More preferably, the effect on binding ofOX40L to CD134 is reduced by not more than about 60%, or about 50%, orabout 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, or about 10% or less, orpreferably no reduction in binding at all.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule thatcompetes for human CD134 binding with an antibody comprising (1) a heavychain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12 and (2) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, as shown by cross-competition between anun-labelled said binding molecule and a fluorescent-labelled saidantibody on PHA-stimulated human CD134-expressing T-lymphocytes, asmeasured by flow cytometry (further described in Example 2(e)).Preferably, the binding of said antibody, at or above its saturationconcentration, is reduced by at least about 50%, or about 60%, or about70%, or about 80%, or about 90% or more, and is preferably abolished,when assayed by cross-competition against said binding molecule.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule thatcompetes for human CD134 binding with an antibody comprising (1) a heavychain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4and (2) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 5, as shown by cross-competition between an un-labelledsaid binding molecule and a fluorescent-labelled said antibody onPHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing T-lymphocytes, as measured by flowcytometry (further described in Example 2(e)). Preferably, the bindingof said antibody, at or above its saturation concentration, is reducedby at least about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or about 80%, orabout 90% or more, and is preferably abolished, when assayed bycross-competition against said binding molecule.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 on humanCD134 expressing T-cells is reduced by not more than about 70%, or about60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, or about10% or less, and wherein said binding molecule further does not impedethe immunostimulatory and/or proliferative responses of human OX40L onhuman CD134 expressing T-effector cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the binding molecule does not prevent humanCD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L) and wherein saidbinding molecule further does not impede the immunostimulatory and/orproliferative responses of human OX40L on human CD134 expressingT-effector cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 on humanCD134 expressing T-cells is reduced by not more than about 70%, or about60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, or about10% or less, and wherein said binding molecule enhances theimmunostimulatory and/or proliferative responses of human OX40L on humanCD134 expressing T-effector cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the binding molecule does not prevent humanCD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L) and wherein saidbinding molecule enhances the immunostimulatory and/or proliferativeresponses of human OX40L on human CD134 expressing T-effector cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 on humanCD134 expressing human T cells is reduced by not more than about 70%, orabout 60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, orabout 10% or less, and wherein said binding molecule further does notimpede suppressor function responses of human OX40L on human CD134expressing T-regulatory cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the binding molecule does not prevent humanCD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L) and wherein saidbinding molecule further does not impede suppressor function responsesof human OX40L on human CD134 expressing T-regulatory cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 on humanCD134 expressing human T cells is reduced by not more than about 70%, orabout 60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, orabout 10% or less, and wherein said binding molecule enhances thesuppressor function responses of human OX40L on human CD134 expressingT-regulatory cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the binding molecule does not prevent humanCD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L) and wherein saidbinding molecule enhances the suppressor function responses of humanOX40L on human CD134 expressing T-regulatory cells

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 on humanCD134 expressing T-cells is reduced by not more than about 70%, or about60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, or about10% or less, and wherein said binding molecule further does not impedethe proliferative responses of human OX40L on human CD134 expressing Tregulatory cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the binding molecule does not inhibit or preventhuman CD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L) and whereinsaid binding molecule further does not impede the proliferativeresponses of human OX40L on human CD134 expressing T regulatory cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the effect on binding of OX40L to CD134 on humanCD134 expressing T-cells is reduced by not more than about 70%, or about60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, or about10% or less, and wherein said binding molecule inhibits theproliferative responses of human OX40L on human CD134 expressingT-regulatory cells.

Another aspect of the invention provides a binding molecule that bindsto human CD134, wherein the binding molecule does not inhibit or preventhuman CD134 (OX40) receptor binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L) and whereinsaid binding molecule inhibits the proliferative responses of humanOX40L on human CD134 expressing T regulatory cells.

A suitable method for measuring the simultaneous binding of OX40L andanti-CD134 antibody is described as follows. FITC fluorescent signal(geomean or mean fluorescent intensity (MFI)) of human OX40L binding onPHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing PBMCs in absence of anti-humanCD134 antibody is set at 100%. PE fluorescent signal (MFI) of anti-humanCD134 antibody binding on PHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing PBMCs inabsence of human OX40L is set at 100%. Reduction of this FITCfluorescent signal and PE fluorescent signal when both human OX40L andanti-human CD134 antibody are added simultaneously to PHA-stimulatedhuman CD134 expressing PBMCs preferably does not exceed about 70%, orabout 60%, or about 50%, or about 40%, or about 30%, or about 20%, orabout 10% or less.

A suitable method for measuring the lack of impediment on OX40L-mediatedproliferative responses of Teffs is as follows. Tritiated thymidine orBrdU incorporation in human CD134 expressing Teffs after human OX40Ltreatment is set at 100%. Change (i.e. decrement or increment) of thistritiated thymidine or BrdU incorporation when both human OX40L andanti-human CD134 antibody are added simultaneously to activated (e.g.,PHA-stimulated or anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads-stimulated) human CD134expressing Teffs preferably does not exceed about 30%, or about 20%, orabout 10% or less.

A suitable method for measuring enhancement on OX40L-mediatedproliferative responses of Teffs, is as follows. Tritiated thymidine orBrdU incorporation in human CD134 expressing Teffs after human OX40Ltreatment is set at 100%. Enhancement of this tritiated thymidine orBrdU incorporation when both human OX40L and anti-human CD134 antibodyare added simultaneously to activated (e.g., PHA-stimulated oranti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads-stimulated) human CD134 expressing Teffs ispreferably greater than about 30%, or about 40%, or about 50%, or about60%, or about 70%, or higher.

A suitable method for measuring the lack of impediment on OX40L-mediatedsuppression function of Tregs is as follows. Tritiated thymidine or BrdUincorporation in human CD134 expressing Teffs, which are co-culturedwith human CD134 expressing Teffs (e.g., Teff/Treg ratio=1:1), afterhuman OX40L treatment is set at 100%. Change (i.e. decrement orincrement) of this tritiated thymidine or BrdU incorporation when bothhuman OX40L and anti-human CD134 antibody are added simultaneously toactivated (e.g., PHA-stimulated or anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads-stimulated)human CD134 expressing Teffs, which are co-cultured with human CD134expressing Teffs (e.g., Teff/Treg ratio=1:1), preferably does not exceedabout 30%, or about 20%, or about 10% or less.

A suitable method for measuring enhancement on OX40L-mediatedsuppression function of Tregs is as follows. Tritiated thymidine or BrdUincorporation in human CD134 expressing Teffs, which are co-culturedwith human CD134 expressing Teffs (e.g., Teff/Treg ratio=1:1), afterhuman OX40L treatment is set at 100%. Enhancement of this tritiatedthymidine or BrdU incorporation when both human OX40L and anti-humanCD134 antibody are added simultaneously to activated (e.g.,PHA-stimulated or anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads-stimulated) human CD134expressing Teffs, which are co-cultured with human CD134 expressingTeffs (e.g., Teff/Treg ratio=1:1), is preferably greater than about 30%,or about 40%, or about 50%, or about 60%, or about 70%, or higher.

A suitable method for measuring the lack of impediment on OX40L-mediatedproliferative responses of Tregs is as follows. Tritiated thymidine orBrdU incorporation in human CD134 expressing Tregs after human OX40Ltreatment is set at 100%. Change (i.e. decrement or increment) of thistritiated thymidine or BrdU incorporation when both human OX40L andanti-human CD134 antibody are added simultaneously to activated (e.g.,PHA-stimulated or anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads-stimulated) human CD134expressing Tregs preferably does not exceed about 30%, or about 20%, orabout 10% or less.

A suitable method for measuring the inhibition of OX40L-mediatedproliferative responses of Tregs, is as follows. Tritiated thymidine orBrdU incorporation in human CD134 expressing Tregs after human OX40Ltreatment is set at 100%. Reduction of this tritiated thymidine or BrdUincorporation when both human OX40L and anti-human CD134 antibody areadded simultaneously to activated (e.g., PHA-stimulated oranti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads-stimulated) human CD134 expressing Tregs ispreferably greater than about 30%, or about 40%, or about 50%, or about60%, or about 70%, or higher.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating cancer ina mammal, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a binding molecule as described herein.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the binding moleculeis antibody clone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5, or an antigen-binding fragmentof either antibody. In a further embodiment, the mammal is a human.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention is provided a method ofpreventing cancer in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal atherapeutically effective amount of a binding molecule as describedherein.

The term “preventing cancer” or “prevention of cancer” refers todelaying, inhibiting, or preventing the onset of a cancer in a mammal inwhich the onset of oncogenesis or tumorigenesis is not evidenced but apredisposition for cancer is identified whether determined by geneticscreening, for example, or otherwise. The term also encompasses treatinga mammal having premalignant conditions to stop the progression of, orcause regression of, the premalignant conditions towards malignancy.Examples of premalignant conditions include hyperplasia, dysplasia, andmetaplasia. In some embodiments, the binding molecule is an anti-CD134antibody or a fragment thereof as described herein. In a furtherembodiment of the invention is provided a binding molecule selected fromantibody clone 12H3 and/or clone 20E5, or an antigen-binding fragment ofeither antibody. In a further embodiment, the mammal is a human.

A variety of cancers, including malignant or benign and/or primary orsecondary, may be treated or prevented with a method according to theinvention. Examples of such cancers are known to those skilled in theart and listed in standard textbooks such as the Merck Manual ofDiagnosis and Therapy (published by Merck).

In another embodiment of the invention, the binding molecules may beadministered alone as monotherapy, or administered in combination withone or more additional therapeutic agents or therapies. Thus, in anotherembodiment of the invention is provided a method of treating orpreventing cancer by a combination therapy, which method comprisesadministering a binding molecule as disclosed herein, in combinationwith one or more additional therapies or therapeutic agents. The term“additional therapy” refers to a therapy which does not employ a bindingmolecule provided by the disclosure as a therapeutic agent. The term“additional therapeutic agent” refers to any therapeutic agent otherthan a binding molecule provided by the disclosure. In some embodiments,the binding molecule is anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 and/orclone 20E5, or an antigen-binding fragment of either antibody. In oneparticular aspect, the present disclosure provides a combination therapyfor treating cancer in a mammal, which comprises administering to themammal a therapeutically effective amount of a binding molecule providedby the disclosure in combination with one or more additional therapeuticagents. In a further embodiment, the mammal is a human.

A wide variety of cancer therapeutic agents may be used in combinationwith a binding molecule. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognizethe presence and development of other cancer therapies which can be usedin combination with the methods and binding molecules of the presentdisclosure, and will not be restricted to those forms of therapy setforth herein. Examples of categories of additional therapeutic agentsthat may be used in the combination therapy for treating cancer include(1) chemotherapeutic agents, (2) immunotherapeutic agents, and (3)hormone therapeutic agents.

The term “chemotherapeutic agent” refers to a chemical or biologicalsubstance that can cause death of cancer cells, or interfere withdivision, repair, growth, and/or function of cancer cells. Examples ofchemotherapeutic agents include those that are disclosed in WO2006/088639, WO 2006/129163, and US 20060153808, the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

The term “immunotherapeutic agents” refers to a chemical or biologicalsubstance that can enhance an immune response of a mammal. Examples ofimmunotherapeutic agents include: bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG);cytokines such as interferons; vaccines such as MyVax personalizedimmunotherapy, Onyvax-P, Oncophage, GRNVACl, Favld, Provenge, GVAX,Lovaxin C, BiovaxID, GMXX, and NeuVax; and antibodies such asalemtuzumab (CAMPATH), bevacizumab (AVASTIN), cetthximab (ERBITUX),gemtuzunab ozogamicin (MYLOTARG), ibritumomab tiuxetan (ZEVALIN),panitumumab (VECTIBIX), rituximab (RITUXAN, MABTHERA), trastuzumab(HERCEPTIN), tositumomab (BEXXAR), tremelimumab, CAT-3888, and agonistantibodies to CD40 receptor that are disclosed in WO2003/040170.

The term “hormone therapeutic agent” refers to a chemical or biologicalsubstance that inhibits or eliminates the production of a hormone, orinhibits or counteracts the effect of a hormone on the growth and/orsurvival of cancerous cells. Examples of such agents suitable for themethods herein include those that are disclosed in US20070117809.Examples of particular hormone therapeutic agents include tamoxifen(NOLVADEX), toremifene (Fareston), fulvestrant (FASLODEX), anastrozole(ARIMIDEX), exemestane (AROMASIN), letrozole (FEMARA), megestrol acetate(MEGACE), goserelin (ZOLADEX), and leuprolide (LUPRON). The bindingmolecules of this disclosure may also be used in combination withnon-drug hormone therapies such as (1) surgical methods that remove allor part of the organs or glands which participate in the production ofthe hormone, such as the ovaries, the testicles, the adrenal gland, andthe pituitary gland, and (2) radiation treatment, in which the organs orglands of the patient are subjected to radiation in an amount sufficientto inhibit or eliminate the production of the targeted hormone.

In another embodiment of the invention is provided a method of treatingor preventing cancer by a combination therapy, which method comprisesadministering a binding molecule as disclosed herein, and surgery toremove a tumour. The binding molecule may be administered to the mammalbefore, during, or after said surgery.

The combination therapy for treating cancer also encompasses combinationof a binding molecule provided by the disclosure with radiation therapy,such as ionizing (electromagnetic) radiotherapy (e.g., X-rays or gammarays) and particle beam radiation therapy (e.g., high linear energyradiation). The source of radiation can be external or internal to themammal. The binding molecule may be administered to the mammal before,during, or after the radiation therapy.

The binding molecules and compositions provided by the presentdisclosure can be administered via any suitable enteral route orparenteral route of administration. The term “enteral route” ofadministration refers to the administration via any part of thegastrointestinal tract. Examples of enteral routes include oral,mucosal, buccal, and rectal route, or intragastric route. “Parenteralroute” of administration refers to a route of administration other thanenteral route. The suitable route and method of administration may varydepending on a number of factors such as the specific antibody beingused, the rate of absorption desired, specific formulation or dosageform used, type or severity of the disorder being treated, the specificsite of action, and conditions of the patient, and can be readilyselected by a person skilled in the art.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” of a binding molecule refersto an amount that is effective for an intended therapeutic purpose. Forexample, in the context of enhancing an immune response, a“therapeutically effective amount” is any amount that is effective instimulating, evoking, increasing, improving, or augmenting any responseof a mammal's immune system. In the context of treating cancer, a“therapeutically effective amount” is any amount that is sufficient tocause any desirable or beneficial effect in the mammal being treated,such as inhibition of further growth or spread of cancer cells, death ofcancer cells, inhibition of reoccurrence of cancer, reduction of painassociated with the cancer, or improved survival of the mammal. In amethod of preventing cancer, a “therapeutically effective amount” is anyamount that is effective in delaying, inhibiting, or preventing theonset of a cancer in the mammal to which the binding molecule isadministered.

The therapeutically effective amount of a binding molecule usuallyranges from about 0.001 to about 500 mg/kg, and more usually about 0.05to about 100 mg/kg, of the body weight of the mammal. For example, theamount can be about 0.3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 50mg/kg, or 100 mg/kg of body weight of the mammal. In some embodiments,the therapeutically effective amount of an anti-human CD134 antibody isin the range of about 0.1-30 mg/kg of body weight of the mammal. Theprecise dosage level to be administered can be readily determined by aperson skilled in the art and will depend on a number of factors, suchas the type, and severity of the disorder to be treated, the particularbinding molecule employed, the route of administration, the time ofadministration, the duration of the treatment, the particular additionaltherapy employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health andprior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factorswell known in the art.

A binding molecule or composition is usually administered on multipleoccasions. Intervals between single doses can be, for example, weekly,monthly, every three months or yearly. An exemplary treatment regimenentails administration once per week, once every two weeks, once everythree weeks, once every four weeks, once a month, once every 3 months oronce every three to 6 months. Typical dosage regimens for an anti-humanCD134 antibody include 1 mg/kg body weight or 3 mg/kg body weight viaintravenous administration, using one of the following dosing schedules:(i) every four weeks for six dosages, then every three months; (ii)every three weeks; (iii) 3 mg/kg body weight once followed by 1 mg/kgbody weight every three weeks.

This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, whichare not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations upon thescope thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood thatresort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, andequivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, maysuggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing fromthe spirit of the present invention and/or the scope of the appendedclaims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 (=OX40)Monoclonal Antibodies

(a). Generation of Sf9 Insect Cells Expressing Surface CD134

cDNA encoding for human CD134 protein (GenBank ref CAB96543.1; see SEQID NO.1) was optimized for Sf9 insect cell (Spodotera frugiperda)expression and synthesized by GENEART, Regensburg, Germany (see SEQ IDNO.2). This cDNA was subcloned in baculovirus transfer plasmid pVL1393(BD transfection kit cat no. 560129; BD Biosciences). Subsequently, Sf9insect cells (ATCC) were co-transfected with transfer plasmid pVL1393containing cDNA encoding human CD134 together with BaculoGoldBaculovirus DNA (BD transfection kit), and then incubated at 27° C. for4-5 days. After this co-transfection step, supernatant was collected andstored at 4° C., and used to infect more Sf9 insect cells for virusamplification. For this purpose, Sf9 insect cells were transfected withamplified recombinant baculovirus, and then incubated at 27° C. for 3-5days. These Sf9 insect cells were harvested, washed with sterile PBS,and aliquoted at 5×10⁶ cells/250 μl in PBS and stored at −80° C. toobtain cell lysates. Prior to storage, human CD134 surface expression ontransfected Sf9 insect cells were confirmed using 1:10 phycoerythrin(PE)-conjugated mouse anti-human CD134 (clone ACT35; BD Biosciences) andflow cytometry.

(b). Immunization and Generation of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 MonoclonalAntibodies

BALB/c mice (females, 6 weeks of age; Charles River Laboratories) weresubcutaneously injected with ≈400 μL human CD134-transfected Sf9 insectcell lysates (250 μL cell lysate aliquot+250 μL Complete Freund'sadjuvant; Sigma) on Day 0. Similar subcutaneous injections using humanCD134-transfected Sf9 insect cell lysates and Incomplete Freund'sadjuvant (Sigma) were given on Day 21 and Day 42. Intraperitonealbooster injections with human CD134-transfected Sf9 insect cell lysates(250 μL/mouse) without adjuvant were given on Day 61 and on Day 62. Onday 65, splenocytes from immunized mice were fused with SP2/0 myelomacells (ATCC) using standard hybridoma technology initially described byKöhler and Milstein (Nature 1975; 256: p495-497). Hybridomas, whichproduced antibodies (mouse IgG class) against human CD134 (screened withconventional ELISA and flow cytometric techniques using a recombinanthuman CD134:human Fcγ fusion protein (R&D Systems) and human CD134expressing PHA (Roche)-stimulated CD4 T cell blasts (see Example 2below) as targets, respectively) were expanded, cryopreserved, andcloned by limiting dilution. Anti-human CD134 specific monoclonalantibodies were purified using protein G columns (GE Healthcare), andresulted in mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clone 12H3(mouse IgG1K isotype; determined with IsoStrip™ Mouse Monoclonalantibody Isotype Kit from Roche) and clone 20E5 (mouse IgG1κ isotype;idem).

Example 2 Flow Cytometric Characterization of Mouse Anti-Human CD134Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3 and 20E5

(a). CD134 Expression on PHA-Stimulated Human T Lymphocytes

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors(informed consent) were isolated by density centrifugation on Lymphoprep(1.077 g/mL; Nycomed). Subsequently, 1-2×10⁶ PBMC/mL in RPMI-1640culture medium (Gibco) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Bodinco) and 50μg/mL gentamycin (Gibco) was supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 μg/mLphytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M; Roche) at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 1-3 days. Afterculture, PBMC were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶ cells/mL in ice-chilledphosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin(Sigma)/0.05% NaN₃ (PBS/BSA/NaN₃) supplemented with 10% human pooledserum (HPS; blocking Fcγ receptors; BioWhittaker). Cells were incubatedwith 10 μg/mL commercially available mouse anti-human CD134 antibodyclone ACT35 (mouse IgG1 isotype; BD Biosciences, Alphen aan de Rijn, TheNetherlands) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing inPBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were subsequently incubated with 1:200 dilutedPE-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch)for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cellswere incubated with 1:20 diluted Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)conjugated mouse anti-human CD3 antibody (BD Biosciences) to detect Tlymphocytes for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing inPBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were fixed in 2% formaldehyde in PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30minutes at 4° C. Binding of antibodies was measured using flow cytometry(FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences).

As shown in FIG. 1 (n=1 from each donor), peripheral blood-derivednon-stimulated/resting human T lymphocytes did not express any CD134,however, PHA dose-dependently stimulated human CD3positive T lymphocytesto express surface CD134. When exposed to 10 μg/mL PHA, CD134 expressionlevels on activated human CD3positive T lymphocytes seemed to reach aplateau between ‘day 1’ and ‘day 2’, however, the percentage of humanCD134positive/CD3positive T lymphocytes time-dependently increasedduring experimentation.

(b). CD134 Expression on PHA-Stimulated Human CD4 T LymphocyteSubpopulation

PHA-stimulated (at 0 and 10 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134expressing T lymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and put at1-2×10⁶ cells/mL in ice chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃ supplemented with 10% HPS(blocking Fcγ receptors; BioWhittaker). Cells were incubated with 1:10diluted FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD4 antibody (BD Biosciences)or 1:10 diluted FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD8 antibody (BDBiosciences) in combination with 1:10 diluted commercially available PEconjugated mouse anti-human CD134 clone ACT35 (BD Biosciences) for 30minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells werefixed in 2% formaldehyde in PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Bindingof antibodies was measured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BDBiosciences).

As shown in FIG. 2, CD134 expression was observed on PHA-stimulatedhuman CD4positive T lymphocytes and not on resting human CD4positive Tlymphocytes. Low CD134 expression was found on PHA-activated humanCD8positive T lymphocytes and not on resting human CD8 positive Tlymphocytes (data not shown).

(c). Binding of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3and 20E5 on PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing T Lymphocytes

PHA-stimulated (at 10 μg/mL for 2 days; see above) human CD134expressing T lymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and put at1-2×10⁶ cells/mL in ice chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃ supplemented with 10% HPS(blocking Fcγ receptors; BioWhittaker). Cells were incubated with 0,0.007, 0.02, 0.07, 0.2, 0.6, 1.9, 5.6, 16.7, 50.0 μg/mL commerciallyavailable mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone ACT35 (mouse IgG1isotype; BD Biosciences) and in-house generated mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone 12H3 or clone 20E5 for 30 minutes at 4° C. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were subsequently incubatedwith 1:200 diluted PE-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies (JacksonImmunoResearch) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing inPBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were incubated with 1:20 diluted FITC-conjugatedmouse anti-human CD3 antibody (BD Biosciences) to detect T lymphocytesfor 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cellswere fixed in 2% formaldehyde in PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C.Binding of antibodies was measured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BDBiosciences).

As shown in FIG. 3 (mean±SD; results observed in two donors), mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone ACT35, clone 12H3, and clone 20H5saturated human CD134 surface molecules on PHA-stimulated CD3positive Tlymphocytes at approximately 5.0-10.0 μg/mL. Using these two donors,half maximal binding was observed at 0.5 μg/mL for mouse anti humanCD134 antibody clone 12H3, and at 2.5 μg/mL for mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone ACT35 and clone 20E5.

(d). Binding of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3and 20E5 on PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing CD4 Positive and CD8Positive T Lymphocytes

PHA-stimulated (at 20 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134 expressingT lymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶cells/mL in ice-chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃ supplemented with 10% HPS (blockingFcγ receptors; BioWhittaker). Cells were incubated with 20.0 μg/mL mouseIgG1κ isotype control (BD Biosciences), or with 20.0 μg/mL mouseanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or clone 20E5 for 30minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells weresubsequently incubated with 1:100 diluted PE-conjugated goat anti-mouseIgG antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 30 minutes at 4° C. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were incubated for 30 minutesat 4° C. with 1:20 diluted FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD4 antibody(BD Biosciences) or with 1:20 diluted FITC-conjugated mouse anti-humanCD8 antibody (BD Biosciences) to detect T lymphocyte subpopulations.After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were fixed in 2%formaldehyde in PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Binding ofantibodies was measured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BDBiosciences).

As shown in FIG. 4, mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone12H3 and clone 20E5 demonstrated positive staining on the activatedhuman CD4positive T lymphocyte subpopulation, and low positive stainingon the activated human CD8positive T lymphocyte subpopulation.

(e). Cross-Competition of Non-Labeled Mouse Anti-Human CD134 AntibodiesClones 12H3 and 20E5 with PE-Conjugated Commercial Mouse Anti-CD134Antibodies on PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing T Lymphocytes

PHA (at 10 μg/mL or at 20 μg/mL for 4 days or for 1 day, respectively;see above) stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes weregenerated. Cells were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶ cells/mL inice-chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃ supplemented with 10% HPS (blocking Fcγreceptors; BioWhittaker). Cells were incubated with 20 μg/mL non-labeledmouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or with 10 μg/mLnon-labeled clone 20E5 for 30 minutes at 4° C. Cells were subsequentlyincubated with 1:20 diluted PE-conjugated commercially available mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone ACT35 (BD Biosciences) or clone L106 (BDBiosciences; see also Godfrey patent) for 30 minutes at 4° C. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were fixed in 2% formaldehydein PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Binding of PE-conjugatedcommercial available anti-CD134 antibodies was measured using flowcytometry (FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences).

As shown in FIG. 5, pre-incubation with non-labeled mouse anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 12H3 partially blocked the binding of commercialPE-conjugated mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone L106 against humanCD134 on PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes. Pre incubation with non-labelledmouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 slightly blocked the bindingof commercial PE-conjugated mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone L106against human CD134 on PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes. Pre-incubation withnon labelled mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 and clone 20E5showed no effect on the binding of commercial PE-conjugated mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone ACT35 against human CD134 onPHA-stimulated T lymphocytes.

These results demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone12H3 specifically recognized human CD134 (partial blocking of clone L106binding) on PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes, and bound (ii) to anon-identical epitope on human CD134, which was recognized by commercialmouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone L106. These results alsodemonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 (i)specifically recognized human CD134 (slight blocking of clone L106binding) on PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes, and (ii) bound to anon-identical epitope, which was recognized by commercial mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone L106. Moreover, these resultsdemonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 and clone20E5 seemed to recognize human CD134 epitopes on PHA-stimulated Tlymphocytes, which were different to the epitope recognized bycommercial mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone ACT35. In addition,these results demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone12H3 and clone 20E5 seemed to recognize dissimilar human CD134 epitopes(evidenced by partial blocking vs slight blocking of L106 binding,respectively) on PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes.

(f). Simultaneous Binding of Recombinant Human OX40 Ligand and MouseAnti-Human CD134 Antibodies Clones 12H3 and 20E5 on PHA-Stimulated HumanCD134 Expressing T Lymphocytes

PHA-stimulated (at 10 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134 expressingT lymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶cells/mL in ice-chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃ supplemented with 10% HPS (blockingFcγ receptors; BioWhittaker). Cells were incubated with 10.0 μg/mLpolyhistidine-tagged recombinant human OX40 ligand (OX40L; R&D Systems)in combination with 50.0 μg/mL anti-polyhistidine antibody (mouse IgG1,clone AD1.1.10; R&D Systems) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensivewashing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were subsequently incubated with 1:100diluted FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibodies (JacksonImmunoResearch) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing inPBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were incubated with 10.0 μg/mL biotinylated (usingN-hydroxysuccinimido-biotin from Pierce) mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or clone 20E5 for 30 minutes at 4° C.After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were incubated with 1:100diluted PE-conjugated streptavidin (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 30minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells werefixed in 2% formaldehyde in PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Bindingof human OX40L and anti-human CD134 antibodies was measured using flowcytometry (FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences).

As shown in FIG. 6, both mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodyclone 12H3 and mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5bound simultaneously with human OX40L on PHA-stimulated human CD134expressing T lymphocytes. This indicated that mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 and clone 20E5 do not interact withepitopes within the OX40L binding region on human CD134 receptors. Thisfinding is in contrast with commercially available mouse anti-humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone L106 (Stanford University/Godfrey patentEP 0 726 952 B1), which recognized an epitope within the human OX40Lbinding region of human CD134 receptors (Taylor and Schwarz. J ImmunolMethods 2001; 255: 67-72; Kirin & La Jolla Institute/Croft patent WO2007/062235 A2).

(g). CD134 Expression on Human Effector and Regulatory T Lymphocytesafter Stimulation with Anti-Human CD3/Anti-Human CD28 AntibodyStimulator Beads

Human CD4 T lymphocytes were purified from PBMCs by positive selectionusing microbeads-conjugated mouse anti-human CD4 antibodies (MiltenyiBiotec) and VarioMACS™ Magnet/LS columns (Miltenyi Biotec).Subsequently, these CD4 T lymphocytes were stained with FITC-conjugatedmouse anti-human CD4 antibodies (Dako) and PE conjugated mouseanti-human CD25 antibodies (BD Biosciences). CD4positive/CD25negativeconventional effector T lymphocytes (Teffs) and CD4positive/CD25highregulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) were sorted using an Altra flowcytometric cell sorter (Beckman Coulter). This resulted in enrichmentsof >95% Teffs and of >95% Tregs. Teffs and Tregs were put on 2.5×10⁵cells/mL in RPMI-1640/glutamax culture medium (Gibco) supplemented with0.02 mM pyruvate (Gibco), 100 U/mL penicillin (Gibco), 100 μg/mLstreptomycin (Gibco), and 10% heat inactivated HPS (HPSi; from LMI).Then, cells were seeded at 2.5×10⁴ cells/200 μL/well in 96-wellround-bottom plates (Greiner), and stimulated with mouse anti-humanCD3/mouse anti-human CD28 antibody stimulator beads (CD3/CD28 beads;Invitrogen) at 1 bead/2 cells in the presence of 25 U/mL recombinanthuman interleukin-2 (Proleukin® from Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) at37° C./5% CO₂ for 2-8 days. After culture, cells were harvested and putat 1-2×10⁶ cells/mL in ice-chilled PBS/0.2% BSA, and were simultaneouslystained with 1:50 diluted FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD4 antibody(Dako), 1:10 diluted PE-conjugated mouse anti-human CD25 antibody (BDBiosciences), 1:50 diluted ECD™-conjugated mouse anti-human CD3 antibody(Beckman-Coulter), 1:10 diluted PE-Cy™5-conjugated mouse anti-humanCD134 antibody (clone ATC35; BD Biosciences), and 1:10 dilutedPE-Cy™7-conjugated mouse anti-human CD127 antibody (eBiosciences).Binding of antibodies was measured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BDBiosciences).

As shown in FIG. 7 (n=1 from each donor), peripheral blood-purifiednon-stimulated/resting (day 0) human Teffs and human Tregs did notexpress any CD134, however, CD3/CD28 beads-stimulated human Teffs andhuman Tregs expressed surface CD134. CD134 expression on activated humanTeffs and human Tregs peaked after 2 days in culture, and attenuatedafter 5 and 8 days in culture.

Example 3 Biological Characterization of Mouse Anti-Human CD134Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3 and 20E5

(a). Proliferation of PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing TLymphocytes after Treatment with Mouse Anti-Human CD134 AntibodiesClones 12H3 and 20E5

PHA-stimulated (at 0 and 10 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134expressing T lymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested andsuspended at 2×10⁶ cells/mL in RPMI culture medium (Gibco) containing10% fetal calf serum (Bodinco) and 50 μg/mL gentamycin (Gibco). Cellswere seeded at 0.1×10⁶ cells/100 μL/well (i.e., 1×106 cells/mL) in96-wells flat-bottom plates (Corning), and were exposed to 0, 0.025,0.25, 2.5, or 25.0 μg/mL mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodyclone 12H3 or mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5,or/and in combination with 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 μg/mLpolyhistidine-tagged recombinant human OX40L (in the presence of 1:5molar ratio mouse anti-polyhistidine antibody; R&D Systems) at 37° C./5%CO₂ for 6 days. After 6 days, cell proliferation was measured using thecolorimetric (BrdU incorporation) Cell Proliferation ELISA™ (Roche) andan ELISA reader (BioRad) at A450 nm.

As shown in FIG. 8 (mean±SD, n=4 using one donor), mouse anti-humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 and mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 20E5 dose-dependently induced proliferation inPHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes. Mouse anti-humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 induced proliferation at 0.25, 2.5,and 25 μg/mL. Mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3induced proliferation at 2.5 and 25 μg/mL. In addition, human OX40L alsodose dependently induced proliferation in PHA-stimulated human CD134expressing T lymphocytes. Human OX40L induced proliferation at 0.1 and1.0 μg/mL. Resting (without PHA stimulation) human CD134negative Tlymphocytes did not show any proliferative responses after treatmentwith mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3, mouseanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5, or human OX40L (datanot shown).

As shown in FIG. 9 (mean±SD, n=2 using one donor), mouse anti-humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 (at 2.5 and 25 μg/mL), mouseanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5 (at 2.5 and 25 μg/mL),and human OX40L (at 1.0 μg/mL) induced proliferation in PHA-stimulatedhuman CD134 expressing T lymphocytes. Non treated (medium only) ortreatment with mouse IgG1κ isotype control (at 2.5 and 25 μg/mL; BDBiosciences) did not demonstrate any effect on PHA-stimulated humanCD134 expressing T lymphocyte proliferation. The combination of mouseanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 at 2.5 and 25 μg/mL (orat lower concentrations; data not shown)) or mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 20E5 at 2.5 and 25 μg/mL (or at lowerconcentrations; data not shown) with human OX40L at 1.0 μg/mL (or atlower concentrations; data not shown) did not demonstrate any reciprocal(i.e., synergistic or additive, or even inhibitory) effects onproliferation in PHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes.

(b). Proliferation of Anti-Human CD3/Anti-CD28 Beads-Stimulated HumanCD134 Expressing T Effector and T Regulator Lymphocytes after Treatmentwith Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Antibodies Clones 12H3 and 20E5

Human CD4 T lymphocytes were purified from PBMCs by negative selectionusing a cocktail of mouse antibodies (BD BioSciences) directed againsthuman CD8 (clone RPA-T8), CD14 (clone M5E2), CD16 (clone 3G8), CD19(clone 4G7), CD33 (clone P67.6), CD56 (clone B159), and CD235a (HIR2).After incubation with Dynabeads®-conjugated sheep anti-mouse IgG(Invitrogen), unbound CD4 T lymphocytes were collected from the DynalMagnetic Particle Concentrator, MPC™-6 (Invitrogen). From these enrichedCD4 T lymphocytes, CD25high Tregs and CD25negative Teffs were separatedby MACS-sorting using 10 μL microbeads-conjugated mouse anti-human CD25antibodies (Miltenyi Biotec)/10⁷ cells and MiniMACS™ Magnet/MS columns(Miltenyi Biotec VarioMACS™ Magnet/LS columns (Miltenyi Biotec). Thisresulted in enrichments of >90% Teffs and of >90% Tregs. Teffs and Tregswere put on 0.25×10⁶ cells/mL in RPMI-1640/glutamax culture medium(Gibco) supplemented with 0.02 mM pyruvate (Gibco), 100 U/mL penicillin(Gibco), 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco), and 10% HPSi. Then, Teffs andTregs were seeded at 2.5×10⁴ cells/200 4/well (i.e., 0.125×10⁶ cells/mL)in 96-wells round-bottom plates (Greiner), and were stimulated withCD3/CD28 beads (Invitrogen) at 1 bead/5 cells with or without 5.0 μg/mLmouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3, 5.0 μg/mL mouseanti human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5, 1.0 μg/mLpolyhistidine-tagged recombinant human OX40L (in the presence of 1:5molar ratio mouse anti-polyhistidine antibody; R&D Systems), acombination of 5.0 μg/mL mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodyclone 12H3 with 1.0 μg/mL polyhistidine-tagged recombinant human OX40L(in the presence of 1:5 molar ratio mouse anti-polyhistidine antibody),or a combination of 5.0 μg/mL mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodyclone 20E5 with 1.0 μg/mL polyhistidine tagged recombinant human OX40L(in the presence of 1:5 molar ratio mouse anti-polyhistidine antibody)at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 4 or 5 days. After 4 or 5 days, cell proliferationwas measured using 0.5 μCi tritiated thymidine (Perkin & Elmer)incorporation and a β-counter (Canberra-Packard).

As shown in FIG. 10 (mean±SD), although CD3/CD28 stimulator beads aloneinduced considerable proliferation in human CD134 expressing Teffs (i.e.medium), mouse anti human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or humanOX40L induced additional proliferation in CD3/CD28 beads-stimulatedhuman CD134 expressing Teffs. Mouse anti human CD134 monoclonal antibodyclone 20E5 did not induce additional proliferation in CD3/CD28beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing Teffs.

As shown in FIG. 11 (mean±SEM from 5 donors), mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 and mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonalantibody clone 20E5 did not induce or induced low proliferation inCD3/CD28 beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing Tregs, whereas humanOX40L induced very strong proliferation in CD3/CD28 beads stimulatedhuman CD134 expressing Tregs.

As shown in FIG. 12A (mean±SD), mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonalantibody clone 12H3 in combination with human OX40L did not demonstrateany reciprocal (i.e., inhibitory, synergistic or additive) effects inCD3/CD28 beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing Teffs. Furthermore,mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5 in combinationwith human OX40L did not demonstrate any reciprocal (i.e., inhibitory,synergistic or additive) effects in CD3/CD28 beads-stimulated humanCD134 expressing Teffs (data not shown).

As shown in FIG. 12B (mean±SD), in contrast to the (lack of any) effectobserved with human OX40L-mediated proliferative responses in CD3/CD28beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing Teffs, mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 strongly suppressed human OX40L-mediatedproliferative responses in CD3/CD28 beads stimulated human CD134expressing Tregs.

(c). Suppression Function of Anti-Human CD3/Anti-CD28 Beads-StimulatedHuman CD134 Expressing T Regulator Lymphocytes after Treatment withMouse Anti-Human CD134 Antibodies Clones 12H3 and 20E5

Human CD4 T lymphocytes were purified from PBMCs, and Teffs and Tregswere enriched as described in Example 3(b) above. Teffs and Tregs wereput on 0.25×10⁶ cells/mL in RPMI 1640/glutamax culture medium (Gibco)supplemented with 0.02 mM pyruvate (Gibco), 100 U/mL penicillin (Gibco),100 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco), and 10% HPSi. Then, Teffs were seeded at2.5×10⁴ cells/200 μL/well (i.e., 0.125×10⁶ Teffs/mL) and co-culturedwith 2.5×10⁴ suppressive Tregs/200 μL/well (i.e., 0.125×10⁶ Tregs/mL;Teffs/Tregs ratio=1:1) in 96-wells round-bottom plates (Greiner). TheseTeffs/Tregs co-cultures were stimulated with CD3/CD28 beads (Invitrogen)at 1 bead/10 cells with or without 5.0 μg/mL mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3, 5.0 μg/mL mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 20E5, and 1.0 μg/mL polyhistidine-taggedrecombinant human OX40L (in the presence of 1:5 molar ratio mouseanti-polyhistidine antibody; R&D Systems) at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 5 days.After 5 days, cell proliferation was measured using 0.5 μCi tritiatedthymidine (Perkin & Elmer) incorporation and a β-counter(Canberra-Packard).

As shown in FIG. 13 (mean±SD), human Tregs suppressed CD3/CD28beads-induced human Teffs proliferative responses (i.e., medium). Thissuppressive function of human Tregs was dampened in the presence ofmouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or in the presenceof human OX40L. Mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5showed no effect on human Tregs suppressive function.

Example 4 Molecular Genetic Characterization of Mouse Anti-Human CD134Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 20E5 and 12H3

(a). Isotyping and Edman Degradation

Mouse immunoglobulin class, isotype, and light chain type of ProteinG-purified mouse anti human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clones 20E5 and12H3 were determined using the IsoStrip™ Mouse Monoclonal AntibodyIsotype Kit (Roche), and showed that both mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibodies clones 20E5 and 12H3 were mouse IgG1 with κ lightchains.

After standard LDS-PAGE electrophoresis, using the pre-cast gel NuPage®Novex® system (Invitrogen) under reduced (DTT and 70° C. heating)conditions, mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5 waselectro-blotted onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PDVF/Immobilon-P)transfer membrane (Millipore), and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue(BioRad). Then, heavy and light chains bands (50 kDa and 25 kDa,respectively) were excised from the PVDF membrane, and used for Edmandegradation analysis (performed by EuroSequence, Groningen, TheNetherlands) to determine the N terminal amino acid sequences. Theresults are shown in SEQ ID NO.3 and SEQ ID NO.61 for mouse anti humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5. Eleven amino acids of the Nterminus from heavy chains and 11 amino acids of the N-terminus fromlight chains were determined.

(b). RT PCR

Hybridoma cells of clone 20E5 and 12H3 were harvested from cell culture.Cells were washed with PBS, aliquoted in vials containing 5×10⁶ cells,and stored as pellets at −80° C. Cell pellets were used to isolate RNAby using RNeasy Mini Isolation Kit (QIAGEN). RNA concentration wasdetermined (A260 nm) and RNA was stored at −80° C. Total yield ofisolated RNA: 27.3 μg and 58.4 μg for clone 20E5 and clone 12H3,respectively (A260/A280 ratio for both 1.9). By reverse transcriptase,cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg of RNA using the RevertAid™ H Minus FirstStrand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentas), and stored at −20° C. Based onthe isotype (mouse kappa/IgG1) and Edman degradation analysis of mouseanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5, following primers weredesigned to amplify V-regions of mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonalantibody clone 20E5:

Primer No.* Sequence** SEQ ID No. Direction Gene 201GACAGTTGGTGCAGCATCAG 39 antisense mkappa 266 CACTGGATGGTGGGAAGATG 40antisense mkappa 203 GGCCAGTGGATAGACAGATG 41 antisense mIgG1 204TGGACAGGGATCCAGAGTTC 42 antisense mIgG1 259 GCGAAGTACAAYTNCARCARWSNGG 43sense 20E5HC 260 GCGTACAATTACARCARWSNGGNCC 44 sense 20E5HC 265GCGATATACARATGACNCARAC 45 sense 20E5LC *no. according to Biocerosinternal coding system; **degenerated primers: N = A, C, G, or T, Y = Cor T, R = A or G, W = A or T, and S = G or C.

Based on the isotype (mouse kappa/IgG1) of mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 and sense primers annealing to cDNAsencoding mouse signal peptides (partially based on Antibody EngineeringVolume 1 Kontermann, Roland E.; Dübel, Stefan (Eds.), Springer LabManuals, 2nd ed., 2010), following primers were designed to amplifyV-regions of mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3:

Primer No.* Sequence** SEQ ID No. Direction Gene 416CAGTGGATAGACAGATGGGGG 46 antisense mIgG1 394 ACTGGATGGTGGGAAGATGG 47antisense mkappa 405 ATGGGATGGAGCTRTATCATSYTCTT 48 sense signal peptide410 ATGGRATGGAGCKGGGTCTTTMTCTT 49 sense signal peptide 389ATGGGCWTCAAAGATGGAGTCACA 50 sense signal peptide *no. according toBioceros internal coding system; **degenerated primers: N = A, C, G, orT, Y = C or T, R = A or G, W = A or T, and S = G or C, M = C or A and K= G or T..

Primers 201 and 266 are antisense designed to anneal within the constantregion of the mouse kappa gene at position 214-232 and 236-255respectively (based on accession number V00807 [version V00807.1]).

Primers 203 and 204 are antisense designed to anneal within the constantregion of mouse IgG1 at position 115-134 and 221-240 respectively (basedon accession number J00453 [version J00453.1]).

Primers 259 and 260 are sense degenerate primers (degeneracyrespectively 512 and 256) annealing at the N-terminus (amino acid 1-8and 2-9 respectively) of the heavy chain of mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone 20E5 based on Edman degradation.

Primer 265 is a sense degenerate primer (degeneracy of 16) annealing atthe N-terminus (amino acid 1-7) of the light chain of mouse anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 20E5 based on Edman degradation.

Primer 416 is antisense designed to anneal within the constant region ofmouse IgG1 at position 111-131 (based on accession number J00453[version J00453.1]).

Primer 394 is antisense designed to anneal within the constant region ofthe mouse kappa gene at position 235-254 (based on accession numberV00807 [version V00807.1]).

Primers 389, 405 and 410 are degenerated primers (degeneracyrespectively 2, 8 and 8) annealing with signal peptide sequences ofmurine antibodies. Primer 389 was designed for the light chain, primers405 and 410 for the heavy chain.

Primers 201, 266, 203, 204, 259, 260, and 265 were used in variouscombinations to amplify variable regions of mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone 20E5, and primers 416, 394, 405, 410, and 389 were usedin various combinations to amplify variable regions of mouse anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 12H3. Various different PCRs were done usinggenerated cDNA of both clones as template.

Accuprime™ Pfx DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen) was used to amplify variableregions of heavy and light chains of both mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone 20E5 and clone 12H3. The PCR products were analyzed on a1% agarose gel. Products of PCR reactions were gel-purified and clonedin the pCR-Blunt II-TOPO® vector for sequence analysis. From plasmidscontaining a PCR insert, cloned inserts were analysed by DNA sequencing(performed by ServicXS B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands or Macrogen,Amsterdam, The Netherlands) using T7 to obtain the consensus sequencefor V-regions of mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clones 20E5 and 12H3.Eleven informative sequences heavy chain reactions and 3 informativelight chain sequence reactions were obtained for mouse anti-CD134antibody clone 20E5. Five informative sequences heavy chain reactionsand 3 informative light chain sequence reactions were obtained for mouseanti-CD134 antibody clone 12H3. Based on this information, consensussequences of V-regions of both antibodies were determined (see SEQ IDNO. 4, 5, 12 and 13).

The listing or discussion of an apparently prior-published document inthis specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgementthat the document is part of the state of the art or is common generalknowledge.

Example 5 Generation of Chimeric Human IgG4/Kappa and/or HumanIgG1/Kappa (i.e., Swapping Mouse Constant Domains for Constant HumanIgG/Kappa Domains) Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 20E5 an12H3

Based on determined murine V-regions (see Example 4 (b) above) of mouseanti-CD134 antibodies clones 20E5 and 12H3, a design was made togenerate chimeric human antibody versions. To this end, CHOcell-optimized cDNA sequences (see SEQ ID NO. 20 (coding for chimerichuman heavy IgG4 chain clone 20E5), SEQ ID NO. 21 (coding for chimerichuman light κ chain clone 20E5), SEQ ID NO. 22 (coding for chimerichuman heavy IgG1 chain clone 20E5), SEQ ID NO. 23 (coding for chimerichuman heavy IgG4 chain clone 12H3), and SEQ ID NO. 24 (coding forchimeric human light κ chain clone 12H3)), were ordered at GENEART(Regensburg, Germany), which encoded for a murine signal peptidefollowed by either the variable light chain linked to human kappaconstant region, or followed by the variable heavy chain linked to humanIgG constant region. This design was done for both antibodies; for clone20E5, the variable heavy chain was linked to human IgG4 or to human IgG1constant region; for clone 12H3, the variable heavy chain region waslinked to human IgG4 constant region. Using suitable restrictionenzymes, generated cDNAs were subcloned in pcDNA3.1-derived expressionplasmids. Chimeric antibodies were expressed using FreeStyle™ MAX CHO(CHO-S cells) Expression System (Invitrogen). Expressed antibodies werepurified using affinity chromatography protein A columns (GEHealthcare). For chimeric amino acid sequences, see SEQ ID NO. 25, 26,27, 28, and 29.

Example 6 Binding Characterization of Chimeric Human IgG4/Kappa and/orIgG1/Kappa Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibody Clone 20E5 (a). BindingCharacteristics of Human IgG4κ Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal AntibodyClone 20E5 on PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing CD4 Positive TLymphocytes

PHA-stimulated (at 10 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134 expressingT lymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶cells/mL in ice-chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃. Cells were incubated with 0,0.007, 0.02, 0.07, 0.2, 0.6, 1.9, 5.6, 16.7, 50.0 μg/mL chimeric humanIgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 for 30 minutes at 4° C. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were subsequently incubatedwith 1:50 diluted FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human IgG4 antibodies(Sigma) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃,cells were incubated with 1:10 diluted PE-conjugated mouse anti-humanCD4 antibody (BD Biosciences) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensivewashing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were fixed in 2% formaldehyde inPBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Binding of antibodies was measuredusing flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences).

Chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 saturatedhuman CD134 surface molecules on PHA-stimulated CD4^(positive) Tlymphocytes at approximately 5.0-10.0 μg/mL (data not shown). Halfmaximal binding was observed at ≈1.0 μg/mL for chimeric human IgG4κanti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 (data not shown).

(b). Binding of Chimeric Human IgG4κ Anti-Human CD134 MonoclonalAntibody Clone 20E5 on PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing CD4Positive and CD8 Positive T Lymphocytes

PHA-stimulated (at 10 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134 expressingT lymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶cells/mL in ice-chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃. Cells were incubated with orwithout 20.0 μg/mL chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone20E5 for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃,cells were subsequently incubated for 30 minutes at 4° C. with 1:200diluted PE-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Fcγ specific) antibodies(Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After extensive washingin PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were incubated with 1:10 diluted FITC-conjugatedmouse anti-human CD4 antibody (BD Biosciences) or with 1:10 dilutedFITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD8 antibody (BD Biosciences) to detectT lymphocyte subpopulations. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃,cells were fixed in 2% formaldehyde in PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4°C. Binding of antibodies was measured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur;BD Biosciences).

Chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 demonstratedpositive staining on the PHA-activated human CD4^(positive) T lymphocytesubpopulation, and low positive staining on the PHA-activated humanCD8^(positive) T lymphocyte subpopulation (data not shown).

(c). Binding of Chimeric Human IgG4κ Anti-Human CD134 MonoclonalAntibody Clone 20E5 on Anti-Human CD3/Anti-Human CD28 AntibodyStimulator Beads-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing CD4 Positive and CD8Positive T Lymphocytes

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors(informed consent) were isolated by density centrifugation on Lymphoprep(1.077 g/mL; Nycomed). Subsequently, 1×10⁶ PBMC/mL in RPMI-1640 culturemedium (Gibco) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Bodinco) and 50 μg/mLgentamycin (Gibco) were stimulated with mouse anti-human CD3/mouseanti-human CD28 antibody stimulator beads (CD3/CD28 beads; Invitrogen)at 1 bead/4 cells in the absence or presence of 25 U/mL recombinanthuman interleukin-2 (PeproTech) at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 1 day. Afterculture, PBMC were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶ cells/mL in ice-chilledPBS/BSA/NaN₃. Cells were incubated with or without 20.0 μg/mL chimerichuman IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 for 30 minutes at 4° C.After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were subsequentlyincubated with 1:200 diluted PE-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Fcγspecific) antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 30 minutes at 4° C.After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were incubated for 30minutes at 4° C. with 1:10 diluted FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD4antibody (BD Biosciences) or with 1:10 diluted FITC-conjugated mouseanti-human CD8 antibody (BD Biosciences) to detect T lymphocytesubpopulations. After extensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells werefixed in 2% formaldehyde in PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Bindingof antibodies was measured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BDBiosciences).

As shown in FIG. 14, chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibodyclone 20E5 demonstrated positive staining on the CD3/CD28beads-activated human CD4^(positive) T lymphocyte subpopulation, and lowpositive staining on the CD3/CD28 beads-activated human CD8^(positive) Tlymphocyte subpopulation. No apparent effect was observed usingrecombinant human IL-2 supplement.

Example 7 Biological Characterization of Chimeric Human IgG4/KappaAnti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibody Clone 20E5

(a). Proliferation of PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing TLymphocytes after Treatment with Chimeric Human IgG4κ Anti-Human CD134Monoclonal Antibody Clone 20E5

PHA-stimulated (10 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134 expressing Tlymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and suspended at 2×10⁶cells/mL in RPMI culture medium (Gibco) containing 10% fetal calf serum(Bodinco) and 50 μg/mL gentamycin (Gibco). Cells were seeded at 0.1×10⁶cells/100 μL/well (i.e., 1×10⁶ cells/mL) in 96-wells flat-bottom plates(Corning), and were exposed to 25.0 μg/mL chimeric human IgG4κanti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 or to 25.0 μg/mL control humanIgG4κ anti-human CD40 antibody (PG102; Pangenetics), or to 1.0 μg/mLpolyhistidine-tagged recombinant human OX40L (in the presence of 1:5molar ratio mouse anti-polyhistidine antibody; R&D Systems) at 37° C./5%CO₂ for 6 days. After 6 days, cell proliferation was measured using thecolorimetric (BrdU incorporation) Cell Proliferation ELISA™ (Roche) andan ELISA reader (BioRad) at A450 nm.

As shown in FIG. 15 (mean±SD), chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134antibody clone 20E5 (hu20E5) and human OX40L induced proliferation inPHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes. Non-treated (mediumonly) or treatment with control human IgG4κ anti-human CD40 antibody(huIgG4) did not demonstrate any effect on PHA-stimulated human CD134expressing T lymphocyte proliferation.

(b). Proliferation of PHA-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing TLymphocytes after Treatment with Chimeric Human IgG4κ Anti-Human CD134Monoclonal Antibody Clone 20E5 in Combination with Recombinant HumanOX40L

PHA-stimulated (10 μg/mL for 1 day; see above) human CD134 expressing Tlymphocytes were generated. Cells were harvested and suspended at 2×10⁶cells/mL in RPMI culture medium (Gibco) containing 10% fetal calf serum(Bodinco) and 50 μg/mL gentamycin (Gibco). Cells were seeded at 0.1×10⁶cells/100 lL/well (i.e., 1×10⁶ cells/mL) in 96-wells flat-bottom plates(Corning), and were exposed to 0, 0.025, 0.25, 2.5, or 25.0 μg/mLchimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5, or/and incombination with 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 μg/mL polyhistidine-taggedrecombinant human OX40L (in the presence of 1:5 molar ratio mouseanti-polyhistidine antibody; R&D Systems) at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 6 days.After 6 days, cell proliferation was measured using the colorimetric(BrdU incorporation) Cell Proliferation ELISA™ (Roche) and an ELISAreader (BioRad) at A450 nm.

As shown in FIG. 16 (mean±SD), chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134antibody clone 20E5 (hu20E5) and human OX40L dose-dependently inducedproliferation in PHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes.Chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5donor-dependently induced proliferation at either 2.5 and 25 μg/mL(donor 1) or at 0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/mL (donor 2). In addition, humanOX40L donor-dependently induced proliferation at either 0.1 and 1.0μg/mL (donor 1) or at 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μg/mL (donor 2).

As shown in FIG. 17 (mean±SD), the combination of chimeric human IgG4κanti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 (hu20E5) at 2.5 and 25 μg/mL (or atlower concentrations; data not shown) with human OX40L at 0.1 and 1.0μg/mL (or at lower concentrations; data not shown) did not demonstrateany reciprocal (i.e., synergistic or additive, or even inhibitory)effects on proliferation in PHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing Tlymphocytes.

(c). Proliferation of Anti-Human CD3/Anti-Human CD28 Antibody StimulatorBeads-Stimulated Human CD134 Expressing T Lymphocytes after Treatmentwith Chimeric Human IgG4κ Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibody Clone20E5

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors(informed consent) were isolated by density centrifugation on Lymphoprep(1.077 g/mL; Nycomed). Subsequently, PBMC were seeded at 0.1×10⁶cells/100 μL/well (i.e., 1×10⁶ cells/mL) in 96-wells flat-bottom plates(Corning) in RPMI-1640 culture medium (Gibco) containing 10% fetal calfserum (Bodinco) and 50 μg/mL gentamycin (Gibco), and were stimulatedwith mouse anti-human CD3/mouse anti-human CD28 antibody stimulatorbeads (CD3/CD28 beads; Invitrogen) at 1 bead/2 cells in the absence orpresence of 25 U/mL recombinant human interleukin-2 (PeproTech) at 37°C./5% CO₂. After 1 day or after 2 days, these (minus and plusinterleukin-2) CD3/CD28 beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing Tlymphocytes were exposed to 25.0 μg/mL chimeric human IgG4κ anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 20E5 or to 1.0 μg/mL polyhistidine-taggedrecombinant human OX40L (in the presence of 1:5 molar ratio mouseanti-polyhistidine antibody; R&D Systems) at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 6 days orfor 5 days, respectively. Cells, which were initially stimulated withcombination of CD3/CD28 beads plus recombinant human interleukin-2, werere-stimulated 1 day prior to cell proliferation measurements with 25U/mL of recombinant human interleukin-2. After 6 days or after 5 daysexposure to chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 orto human OX40L, cell proliferation was measured using the colorimetric(BrdU incorporation) Cell Proliferation ELISA™ (Roche) and an ELISAreader (BioRad) at A450 nm.

As shown in FIG. 18 (mean±SD, n=3 using one donor), although CD3/CD28stimulator beads alone induced considerable proliferation in human CD134expressing T lymphocytes (i.e., medium), chimeric human IgG4κ anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 20E5 (hu20E5) and human OX40L induced additionalproliferation in CD3/CD28 beads-stimulated human CD134 expressing Tlymphocytes. Addition of interleukin-2 only seemed to enhance basal(i.e., medium) proliferation in CD3/CD28 beads-stimulated human CD134expressing T lymphocytes.

(d). Immunostimulatory Responses in Rhesus Macaque Monkeys afterTreatment with Human (Chimeric) Anti-Human CD134 Antibodies Clones 12H3and 20E5

Non-human primates rhesus macaque monkeys may be immunized with thesimian immunodeficiency virus protein, gp130, as described by Weinberget al. (J Immunother 2006; 29: 575-585).

The draining lymph nodes from immunized monkeys treated with human(e.g., chimeric or humanized or deimmunized; e.g., subclass human IgG1or IgG4) anti-human CD134 antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 are expectedto show enlarged lymph nodes compared with control immunized monkeys.Human (e.g., chimeric or humanized or deimmunized) anti-human CD134antibodies clones 12H3-treated and 20E5-treated monkeys are expected toshow increased gp130-specific antibody titres, and increased long-livedT-cell responses, compared with controls. There should be no overt signsof toxicity in (e.g., chimeric or humanized or deimmunized) anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 12H3-treated or clone 20E5-treated monkeys.

Example 8 Characterization of Human CD134 Domains and EpitopesRecognized by Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibody Clones 12H3 and20E5

(a). Binding of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3and 20E5 with Non-Reduced and Reduced Recombinant Human CD134:Human FcγFusion Protein (Western Blotting)

Thirteen hundred or 650 ng/lane (for Coomassie brilliant blue staining)or 250 ng/lane (for western blotting) recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ(IgG1) fusion protein (R&D Systems) was electrophorized using 4-12%Tris-Bis gels and MOPS running buffer (Invitrogen) under a variety ofnon-reducing and reducing conditions (see FIG. 19-A) in pre-castLDS-PAGE denaturing electrophoresis NuPageg Novex® system. Then,recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusion protein was either stained withCoomassie brilliant blue (BioRad) or electro-blotted onto apolyvinylidene fluoride (PDVF) transfer membrane (Millipore). Afterblocking with PB S/0.05% Tween 20/1% BSA fraction V (Roche) for 20 minat RT, PDVF membranes were incubated with 100 ng/mL mouse anti-humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or 20E5 for 1 hour at RT. Inparallel, 100 ng/mL mouse IgG1κ isotype control antibody (BDBiosciences) was used as a negative control. After extensive washing inPBS/0.05% Tween 20, binding of mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonalantibody clone 12H3 or 20E5 was determined with 1:5000 dilutedhorseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse Fcγ-specificantibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 1 hour at RT, followed by aready-to-use solution of TMB substrate (Sigma) for colorimetricdetection,

As shown in FIG. 19-B, recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusion proteinunder non-reducing (and LDS denaturing without and with heat denaturing,condition a and b, respectively) conditions demonstrated a molecularmass of ≈130-140 kDa. Non-reduction without heating (condition a) showedtwo bands at close proximity, which suggested that a fraction ofrecombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusion protein was incompletelydenatured/unfolded. Non-reduction with heating (condition b) showed oneband, which suggested that recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusionprotein was completely denatured/unfolded. Recombinant human CD134:humanFcγ fusion protein under reducing (and LDS denaturing without and withheat denaturing, condition c and d, respectively) conditions resulted inbands at ≈110 kDa (condition c) and at ≈60-65 kDa (condition d). Formerobservation suggested incomplete reduction of recombinant humanCD134:human Fcγ fusion protein, and latter observation suggestedcomplete reduction/breakage of disulfide bridges joining two humanIgG1-derived Fcγ-fragments within each recombinant human CD134:human Fcγfusion protein molecule.

As shown in FIG. 19-C, both mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone 12H3and clone 20E5 recognized recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusionprotein under non-reducing (and LDS denaturing without and with heatdenaturing, condition a and b, respectively) conditions at predominantly≈130 kDa. In contrast, mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 showedonly a slight binding with recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusionprotein under reducing (and LDS denaturing without and with heatdenaturing, condition c and d, respectively) conditions, whereas mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 showed a strong binding torecombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusion protein under reducing (and LDSdenaturing without and with heat denaturing, condition c and d,respectively) conditions.

These results demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone12H3 and clone 20E5 specifically recognized human CD134. Furthermore,these results demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clone12H3 and clone 20E5 seemed to recognize dissimilar human CD134 epitopes,which is evidenced by respective slight binding (clone 12H3) vs strongbinding (clone 20E5) with recombinant human CD134:human Fcγ fusionprotein under reducing (and LDS denaturing with and without heatdenaturing) conditions. These results suggested that mouse anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 12H3 recognized an epitope on human CD134, which isnot sensitive to denaturation (LDS and heat treatment) and sensitive toreduction (i.e., breakage of disulphide bridge(s)—most likely,cysteine-rich domains (CRD)-related—by DTT). These results suggestedthat mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 recognized an epitope onhuman CD134, which is not sensitive to denaturation (LDS and heattreatment) and not sensitive to reduction (i.e., breakage of disulphidebridge(s)—most likely, CRD-related—by DTT).

(b). Binding of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3and 20E5 with Full-Length Human CD134 Construct and Various TruncatedHuman CD134 Constructs Expressed on 293-F Cell Line (Domain Mapping)

In order to analyze the fine specificity of mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5, the location of epitope(s)recognized by mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3and 20E5 was determined by domain mapping. The ability of mouseanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 to bind totruncated human CD134 constructs, expressed on the surface of(HEK-derived) 297-F cells, was determined by FACS analysis.

Based on literature (Swiss-Prot: P43489.1; Latza et al. Eur J Immunol1994; 24: 677-683; Bodmer et al. Trends Biochem Sci 2002; 27: 19-26;Compaan et al. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330; US patent 2011/0028688A1), cysteine-rich domains (CRD) and a hinge-like structure in theextracellular region of human CD134 were identified. CRDs are codedCRD1, CRD2, (truncated) CRD3, (truncated) CRD4 (see FIG. 20). CRDscontain topologically distinct types of modules, called an A-module anda B-module (see also FIG. 20). A-modules are C-shaped structures, andB-modules are S-shaped structures. A typical CRD is usually composed ofA1-B2-modules or A2-B1-modules (or, less frequently, a different pair ofmodules, like A1-B1) with 6 conserved cysteine residues, wherein thenumeral denotes the number of disulphide bridges within each module (seealso FIG. 20). As shown in FIG. 20, 5 different human CD134 constructswere generated and expressed: (1) full-length human CD134 construct,which starts with N-terminal CRD1 (i.e., CRD1 A1-B2-module covers aminoacids 29-65), and therefore denoted as ‘CRD1’, and comprised amino acids1-277 (see SEQ ID NO. 1), (2) ‘CRD2’ construct, which starts withN-terminal CRD2 (i.e., CRD2 A1-B2-module covers amino acids 66-107), andcomprised amino acids 66-277 linked to signal peptide amino acids 1-28(see SEQ ID NO. 30), (3) ‘CRD3’ construct, which starts with N-terminalCRD3 (i.e., CRD3 A1-B1-module covers amino acids 108-146 (according toCompaan et al. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330) or truncated CRD3A1-module covers amino acids 108-126 (according to Latza et al. Eur JImmunol 1994; 24: 677-683)), and comprised amino acids 108-277 linked tosignal peptide amino acids 1-28 (see SEQ ID NO. 31), (4) ‘CRD4’construct, which consists of N-terminal CRD4 or CRD3 subdomainB1-module/truncated CRD4 A1-module (i.e., CRD4 A1-B1-module covers aminoacids 127-167 (Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677-683) or acombination (not shown in FIG. 20) of CRD3 subdomain B1-module withtruncated CRD4 A1-module covers amino acids 127-146 with amino acids147-167, respectively (Compaan et al. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330)),and comprised amino acids 127-277 linked to signal peptide amino acids1-28 (see SEQ ID NO. 32), and (5) ‘truncated (tc) CRD4’ construct, whichconsists of with N-terminal truncated CRD4 or CRD4 subdomain B1-module(i.e., truncated CRD4 A1-module covers amino acids 147-167 (Compaan etal. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330) or CRD4 subdomain B1-module (notshown in FIG. 20; Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677-683) coversamino acids 147-167), and comprised amino acids 147-277 linked to signalpeptide amino acids 1-28 (see SEQ ID NO. 33). By assembly PCR usingAccuprime Pfx DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen), these 5 human CD134constructs were generated using primers shown in the following table:

Primer No.* Sequence SEQ ID No. Direction Gene 362CTCGGATCCGCCACCATGTGCGTG 51 sense CD134 leader 363AGAATTCTTATTAGATCTTGGCCA 55 antisense CD134 end 364ACTGTCACTGGACCCTGCGGTCCC 52 sense CRD2 365 GGGACCGCAGGGTCCAGTGACAGT 53antisense CRD2 366 ACTGTCACTGGAAGGTGCAGGGCT 54 sense CRD3 367AGCCCTGCACCTTCCAGTGACAGT 56 antisense CRD3 368 ACTGTCACTGGACCCTGCCCCCCT57 sense CRD4 369 AGGGGGGCAGGGTCCAGTGACAGT 58 antisense CRD4 370ACTGTCACTGGATGCACCCTGGCT 59 sense CRD4 truncated 371AGCCAGGGTGCATCCAGTGACAGT 60 antisense CRD4 truncated *Primer No.according to Bioceros internal coding system

Briefly, cDNA encoding amino acids 1-28 of signal peptide and cDNAencoding amino acids 66-277 of human CD134 were amplified usingrespectively primer pair 362/365 and 364/363 in a PCR reaction withfull-length human CD134 as a template. Subsequently, ‘CRD2’ constructwas generated by using these two PCR products in an assembly PCR usingprimer pair 362/363. The cDNA encoding ‘CRD2’ construct was subclonedinto a pcDNA3.1-derived expression plasmid using suitable restrictionsites. Similarly, ‘CRD3’ construct (amino acids 1-28 of signal peptidelinked to amino acids 108-277 of human CD134), ‘CRD4’ construct (aminoacids 1-28 of signal peptide linked to amino acid 127-277), and‘truncated CRD4’ construct (amino acids 1-28 of signal peptide linked toamino acid 147-277) were generated and subcloned in pcDNA3.1-derivedexpression plasmids using the corresponding primers shown inabovementioned table. Furthermore, full-length human CD134 (SEQ IDNO. 1) was also re-cloned in a pcDNA3.1-derived expression plasmid.

Using the FreeStyle™ 293 Expression System (Invitrogen), FreeStyle™293-F cells (Invitrogen) were transiently transfected with the 5generated variants of human CD134. After 48-72 h, surface human CD134expression on transfected cells was analyzed by FACS analysis. To thisend, transfected cells were harvested and put at 1-2×10⁶ cells/mL inice-chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃. Cells were incubated with 20.0 μg/mL mouseanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 for 30minutes at 4° C. In parallel, 20.0 μg/mL mouse IgG1κ isotype controlantibody (BD Biosciences) was used as a negative control. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were subsequently incubatedwith 1:200 diluted PE-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Fcγ specific)antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 30 minutes at 4° C. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were fixed in 2% formaldehydein PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Binding of antibodies wasmeasured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences).

As shown in FIG. 21, both mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clones 12H3and 20E5 recognized full-length (denoted as ‘CRD1’ construct) humanCD134 on transfected 293-F cells, whereas both mouse anti-human CD134antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 showed no binding on mock-transfected293-F cells. Moreover, mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clones 12H3 and20E5 recognized truncated human CD134 variants that lacked CRD1 andCRD1-CRD2 (denoted as ‘CRD2’ construct and ‘CRD3’ construct,respectively) on transfected 293-F cells. In contrast, binding of mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 against truncated human CD134variant that lacked CRD1-CRD2-truncated CRD3 A1-module (denoted as‘CRD4’ construct) was very weak, and binding of mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone 12H3 against truncated human CD134 variant that lackedCRD1-CRD2-truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module (accordingto definition of Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677-683) oralternatively CRD1-CRD2-CRD3 A1-B1-module (according to definition ofCompaan et al. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330; denoted as ‘tcCRD4’construct) was completely absent, whereas mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone 20E5 showed a strong binding against truncated humanCD134 variant that lacked CRD1-CRD2-truncated CRD3 A1-module (denoted as‘CRD4’ construct) and against truncated human CD134 variant that lackedCRD1-CRD2-truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module (accordingto definition of Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677-683) oralternatively CRD1-CRD2-CRD3 A1-B1-module (according to definition ofCompaan et al. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330; denoted as ‘tcCRD4’construct).

These results demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clones12H3 and 20E5 specifically recognized human CD134 (comparison offull-length human CD134 transfection vs mock transfection). Furthermore,these results demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clones12H3 and 20E5 seemed to recognize dissimilar human CD134 epitopes, whichis evidenced by respective lack of binding (using clone 12H3) vs strongbinding (using clone 20E5) with truncated human CD134 variant thatlacked CRD1-CRD2-truncated CRD3 A1-module (denoted as ‘CRD4’ construct)and with truncated human CD134 variant that lacked CRD1-CRD2-truncatedCRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module (according to definition ofLatza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677-683) or alternativelyCRD1-CRD2-CRD3 A1-B1-module (according to definition of Compaan et al.Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330; denoted as ‘tcCRD4’ construct). Theseresults demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 didnot seem to recognize a human CD134 epitope in CRD1 and CRD2, and mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 did not seem to recognize a humanCD134 epitope in CRD1, CRD2, and truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomainA1-module (according to definition of Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994;24: 677-683) or alternatively CRD1-CRD2-CRD3 A1-B1-module (according todefinition of Compaan et al. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330). Theseresults demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3seemed to recognize a linear or non-linear/conformational epitope intruncated CRD3 A1-module (according to definition of Latza et al. Eur JImmunol 1994; 24: 677-683) with amino acid sequence 108-126 (i.e.,19-meric peptide RCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCA; see SEQ ID NO. 34) onextracellular human CD134, or amino acid sequence 108-126 (i.e.,19-meric peptide RCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCA; see SEQ ID NO. 34) formed acrucial part for binding to a non-linear/conformational epitope intruncated CRD3 A1-module/CRD4 A1-B1-module (according to definition ofLatza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677-683), and possibly in thehinge-like structure, with amino acid sequence 108-214 (see SEQ ID NO.35) on extracellular human CD134. These results demonstrated that mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 seemed to recognize a linear ornon-linear/conformational epitope in truncated CRD4 A1-module (accordingto definition of Compaan et al. Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330), andpossibly in the hinge-like structure, with amino acid sequence 147-214(SEQ ID NO. 36) on extracellular human CD134.

Using a crystallography, Compaan et al. (Structure 2006; 14: 1321-1330)recently discovered critical involvement of CRD1, CRD2 (especially A1loop and immediately following residues), and CRD3 (primarily A1 loop)on human CD134 during OX40Ligand (CD252)/CD134 (=OX40) interaction. Thisdiscovery is in good agreement with our findings that (1, see above)mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 did not seem to recognize ahuman CD134 epitope in CRD1, CRD2, and truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4subdomain A1-module (according to definition of Latza et al. Eur JImmunol 1994; 24: 677-683) or alternatively CRD1-CRD2-CRD3 A1-B1-module(according to definition of Compaan et al. Structure 2006; 14:1321-1330) on extracellular human CD134, and (2, see above) mouseanti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 bound simultaneously with humanOX40L on PHA-stimulated human CD134 expressing T lymphocytes. Thissuggested that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 20E5 recognized anepitope on human CD134, which was not critically involved in interactionof human CD134 with human OX40L. Moreover, our findings that (1, seeabove) mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 seemed to recognize alinear or non-linear/conformational epitope in truncated CRD3 A1-module(according to definition of Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:677-683) with amino acid sequence 108-126 (i.e., 19-meric peptideRCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCA; see SEQ ID NO. 34) on extracellular human CD134, oramino acid sequence 108-126 (i.e., 19-meric peptide RCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCA;see SEQ ID NO. 34) formed a crucial part for binding to anon-linear/conformational epitope in truncated CRD3 A1-module/CRD4A1-B1-module (according to definition of Latza et al. Eur J Immunol1994; 24: 677-683), and possibly in the hinge-like structure, with aminoacid sequence 108-214 (see SEQ ID NO. 35) on extracellular human CD134,and (2, see above) mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone 12H3 boundsimultaneously with human OX40L on PHA-stimulated human CD134 expressingT lymphocytes, substantiated the idea that the epitope (as describedabove) on human CD134 that was recognized by mouse anti-human CD134antibody clone 12H3 was not critically involved in interaction of humanCD134 with human OX40L.

(c). Epitope Mapping (1) of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal AntibodyClone 12H3 Using Human CD134-Derived Peptide ELISA

In order to further analyze the fine specificity of mouse anti-humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3, the location of the epitoperecognized by mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 wasdetermined by epitope mapping. The ability of mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 to bind with a human CD134-derivedpeptide, which corresponded to amino acid sequence of truncated CRD3A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module (according to definition of Latza etal. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24: 677-683), was determined by ELISA.

Ninety six-wells flat-bottom ELISA plates (Corning) were coated with 10ng/well human CD134-derived peptide (synthesized by Pepscan Presto,Lelystad, The Netherlands), which corresponded to amino acid sequence oftruncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module (see SEQ ID NO. 38) orwith 10 ng/well human fibronectin-derived control peptide (synthesizedby Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, The Netherlands), which corresponded toamino acid sequence of extra type III structural domain (see SEQ ID NO.37) in PBS o/n at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/0.05% Tween 20,plates were blocked in PBS/0.05% Tween 20/1% BSA fraction V (Roche) for1 hour at RT. Subsequently, plates were incubated with 0, 0.00005-50.0(10-fold dilution steps in block buffer) μg/mL mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or mouse IgG₁κ isotype control antibody(BD Biosciences) for 1 hour at RT. After extensive washing in PBS/0.05%Tween 20, binding of antibodies was determined with 1:5000 dilutedhorseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG Fcγ-specificantibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 1 hour at RT, followed by aready-to-use solution of TMB substrate (Invitrogen) for colorimetricdetection. After adding 1 M H₂SO₄, optical densities was measured at awavelength of 450 nm (reference wavelength of 655 nm) using a microplatereader (BioRad).

As shown in FIG. 23-A (n=1), mouse anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodyclone 12H3 dose-dependently and specifically bound human CD134-derivedpeptide, whereas mouse IgG₁κ isotype control antibody demonstrated nobinding to human CD134-derived peptide. Both mouse anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 and IgG₁κ isotype control antibodydemonstrated no binding to human fibronectin-derived control peptide.

These results demonstrated that mouse anti-human CD134 antibody clone12H3 specifically recognized an epitope on human CD134 (comparison ofhuman CD134-derived peptide vs. human fibronectin-derived controlpeptide). Furthermore, these results demonstrated that mouse anti-humanCD134 antibody clone 12H3 seemed to recognize a linear ornon-linear/conformational epitope in truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4subdomain A1-module (according to definition of Latza et al. Eur JImmunol 1994; 24: 677-683) with amino acid sequence 108-146 (i.e.,39-meric peptide RCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCAPCPPGHFSPGDNQACKPWTN; see SEQ ID NO.38) on extracellular human CD134.

(d) Epitope Mapping (2) of Mouse Anti-Human CD134 Monoclonal AntibodiesClones 12H3 and 20E5 Using CLIPS Epitope Mapping Technology by Pepscan

CLIPS Epitope Mapping Technology by Pepscan (Lelystad, The Netherlands)may be used to determine the epitopes recognized by mouse anti-humanCD134 antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5. This CLIPS technology enables thedetermination of linear, conformational, discontinuous, and complexepitopes involving dimeric or multimeric protein complexes. For thispurpose, the linear amino acid sequence of human CD134=OX40 (SEQ IDNO. 1) is used as the target protein.

Example 9 Characterization of Human CD134 Domains and EpitopesRecognized by Chimeric Human IgG4/Kappa and/or IgG1/Kappa Anti-HumanCD134 Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3 and 20E5

(a). Binding Chimeric Human IgG4κ and/or IgG1κ Anti-Human CD134Monoclonal Antibodies Clones 12H3 and 20E5 with Full-Length Human CD134Construct and Various Truncated Human CD134 Constructs Expressed on293-F Cell Line (Domain Mapping)

In order to analyze the fine specificity of chimeric human IgG4K and/orIgG1K anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5, thelocation of epitope(s) recognized by chimeric human IgG4κ and/or IgG1κanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 wasdetermined by domain mapping. The ability of chimeric human IgG4κ and/orIgG1K anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 tobind to truncated human CD134 constructs (see Example 8 (b) above),expressed on the surface of (HEK-derived) 297-F cells, was determined byFACS analysis.

Using the FreeStyle™ 293 Expression System (Invitrogen), FreeStyle™293-F cells (Invitrogen) were transiently transfected with the 5generated variants of human CD134 (see above). After 48-72 h, surfacehuman CD134 expression on transfected cells was analyzed by FACSanalysis. To this end, transfected cells were harvested and put at1-2×10⁶ cells/mL in ice-chilled PBS/BSA/NaN₃. Cells were incubated withor without 20.0 μg/mL chimeric human IgG4κ and/or IgG1κ anti-human CD134monoclonal antibodies clones 12H3 and 20E5 for 30 minutes at 4° C. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were subsequently incubatedwith 1:200 diluted PE-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (Fcγ specific)antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 30 minutes at 4° C. Afterextensive washing in PBS/BSA/NaN₃, cells were fixed in 2% formaldehydein PBS/BSA/NaN₃ for 30 minutes at 4° C. Binding of antibodies wasmeasured using flow cytometry (FACSCalibur; BD Biosciences).

As shown in FIG. 22, both chimeric human IgG4K and IgG1κ anti-humanCD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3, and chimeric human IgG4Kanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 20E5 demonstrated bindingcharacteristics against various truncated human CD134 constructs ontransfected cells, which were identical to binding characteristics oftheir corresponding parental mouse anti-human CD134 antibodies clones12H3 and 20E5 counterparts (see Example 8 (b) above; for comparison, seeFIG. 22 vs FIG. 21).

(b). Epitope Mapping of Chimeric Human IgG4κ Anti-Human CD134 MonoclonalAntibody Clone 12H3 Using Human CD134-Derived Peptide ELISA

In order to further analyze the fine specificity of chimeric human IgG4Kanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3, the location of theepitope recognized by chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 monoclonalantibody clone 12H3 was determined by epitope mapping. The ability ofchimeric human IgG4K anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 tobind with a human CD134-derived peptide, which corresponded to aminoacid sequence of truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module(according to definition of Latza et al. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:677-683), was determined by ELISA.

Ninety six-wells flat-bottom ELISA plates (Corning) were coated with 10ng/well human CD134-derived peptide (synthesized by Pepscan Presto,Lelystad, The Netherlands), which corresponded to amino acid sequence oftruncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4 subdomain A1-module (see SEQ ID NO. 38) orwith 10 ng/well human fibronectin-derived control peptide (synthesizedby Pepscan Presto, Lelystad, The Netherlands), which corresponded toamino acid sequence of extra type III structural domain (see SEQ ID NO.37) in PBS o/n at 4° C. After extensive washing in PBS/0.05% Tween 20,plates were blocked in PBS/0.05% Tween 20/1% BSA fraction V (Roche) for1 hour at RT. Subsequently, plates were incubated with 0, 0.00005-50.0(10-fold dilution steps in block buffer) μg/mL chimeric human IgG4κanti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 or control human IgG4κanti-human CD40 antibody (Biocult) for 1 hour at RT. After extensivewashing in PBS/0.05% Tween 20, binding of antibodies was determined with1:5000 diluted horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human IgGFcγ-specific antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 1 hour at RT,followed by a ready-to-use solution of TMB substrate (Invitrogen) forcolorimetric detection. After adding 1 M H₂SO₄, optical densities wasmeasured at a wavelength of 450 nm (reference wavelength of 655 nm)using a microplate reader (BioRad).

As shown in FIG. 23-B (n=1), chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 dose-dependently and specifically boundhuman CD134-derived peptide, whereas control human IgG4κ anti-human CD40antibody demonstrated no binding to human CD134-derived peptide. Bothchimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 andcontrol human IgG4κ anti-human CD40 antibody demonstrated no binding tohuman fibronectin-derived control peptide.

These results demonstrated that chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134monoclonal antibody clone 12H3 specifically recognized an epitope onhuman CD134 (comparison of human CD134-derived peptide vs humanfibronectin-derived control peptide). Furthermore, these resultsdemonstrated that chimeric human IgG4κ anti-human CD134 monoclonalantibody clone 12H3 seemed to recognize a linear ornon-linear/conformational epitope in truncated CRD3 A1-module-CRD4subdomain A1-module (according to definition of Latza et al. Eur JImmunol 1994; 24: 677-683) with amino acid sequence 108-146 (i.e.,39-meric peptide RCRAGTQPLDSYKPGVDCAPCPPGHFSPGDNQACKPWTN; see SEQ ID NO.38) on extracellular human CD134.

The attached sequence listing forms part of this specification.

In SEQ ID NO: 1, which is the amino acid sequence human CD134 (GenBankref CAB96543.1; aa 1-277) a signal peptide is at amino acids (aa) 1-28)and a transmembrane region at aa 215-235.

SEQ ID NO: 61, which forms the 11 N-terminal amino acids of SEQ ID NO:5, is also of interest. This the 20E5 light chain equivalent of SEQ IDNO: 3, which is the 11 N-terminal amino acids of the 20E5 heavy chain.

SEQ ID NO. 37 (TYSSPEDGIHELFPAPDGEEDTAELQGGC), amino acid sequence fromhuman fibronectin-derived peptide, corresponds to amino acid sequence ofextra type III structural domain (ED1; Peters et al. Am Rev Resp Dis1988; 138: 167-71).

1-40. (canceled)
 41. A method of enhancing an immune response in a humansubject, comprising administering to the human subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an antibody that binds human or CD134, or an antigenbinding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable regioncomprising: (a) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:6; (b) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 (c) aCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, and a lightchain variable region comprising: (a) a CDR1 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:9; (b) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:10 (c) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:11.
 42. A method according to claim 41 wherein the enhanced immuneresponse comprises an increase in the immunostimulator/effector functionof T-effector cells, optionally as a result of proliferation of thosecells, and/or a down-regulation of the immunosuppressor function ofT-regulatory cells, optionally without expansion in numbers of thosecells.
 43. A method of treating cancer in a human subject in needthereof, comprising administering to the human subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an antibody that binds human CD134, or an antigenbinding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chain variable regioncomprising: (a) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:6; (b) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 (c) aCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, and a lightchain variable region comprising: (a) a CDR1 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:9; (b) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:10 (c) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:11.
 44. A method according to claim 43, wherein the cancer isselected from the group consisting of lung cancer, prostate cancer,breast cancer, head and neck cancer, oesophageal cancer, stomach cancer,colon cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, cervical cancer,uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, hematological cancer, orany disease or disorder characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.
 45. Amethod of reducing the size of a tumour or inhibiting the growth ofcancer cells in a subject or reducing or inhibiting the development ofmetastatic cancer in an subject suffering from cancer, comprisingadministering to the human subject an antibody that binds human CD134,or an antigen binding fragment thereof, comprising a heavy chainvariable region comprising: (a) a CDR1 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:6; (b) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:7 (c) a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:8, and a light chain variable region comprising: (a) a CDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; (b) a CDR2 comprisingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 (c) a CDR3 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:11. 46-48. (canceled)
 49. The method of claim41, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises aheavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:4 or a variant of that sequence having 1, 2 or 3 amino acidsubstitutions in the framework regions; and/or a light chain variableregion comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or a variant ofthat sequence having 1, 2 or 3 amino acid substitutions in the frameworkregions.
 50. The method of claim 41, wherein the antibody or antigenbinding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable regioncomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and a light chainvariable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. 51.The method of claim 41, wherein the antibody is a human antibody. 52.The method of claim 41, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragmentthereof is a chimeric, humanized, or deimmunized antibody.
 53. Themethod of claim 43, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragmentthereof comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or a variant of that sequence having 1, 2or 3 amino acid substitutions in the framework regions; and/or a lightchain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5or a variant of that sequence having 1, 2 or 3 amino acid substitutionsin the framework regions.
 54. The method of claim 43, wherein theantibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chainvariable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and alight chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:5.
 55. The method of claim 43, wherein the antibody is a humanantibody.
 56. The method of claim 43, wherein the antibody or antigenbinding fragment thereof is a chimeric, humanized, or deimmunizedantibody.
 57. The method of claim 41, wherein the antibody or antigenbinding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable regioncomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 or a variant of thatsequence having 1, 2 or 3 amino acid substitutions in the frameworkregions; and/or a light chain variable region comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:5 or a variant of that sequence having 1, 2 or 3amino acid substitutions in the framework regions.
 58. The method ofclaim 45, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereofcomprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and a light chain variable region comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5.
 59. The method of claim 45, whereinthe antibody is a human antibody.
 60. The method of claim 45, whereinthe antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is a chimeric,humanized, or deimmunized antibody.